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References, citations and avoiding plagiarism
Referencing styles.
- Getting Started
- Assignments
- Independent research
- Understanding a reference
- Managing your references
- How to reference
- Harvard referencing
- Vancouver referencing
- APA referencing
- Chicago referencing
- OSCOLA referencing
- MHRA referencing
- MLA referencing
- Avoiding plagiarism
- Further help

There are many different conventions, or approaches, to effective referencing, depending on the referencing style being used, and these can be separated into three standard systems for citing sources:
- Author-date system, e.g. Harvard.
- Numeric system, e.g. Vancouver.
- Notes and bibliography system, e.g. MHRA.
There are different versions of each of these approaches, some of which are discipline-specific. For example, APA is an author-date system that is specific to Psychology, and OSCOLA is a notes and bibliography system only used in Law.
Be aware, there are many versions of the Harvard and Vancouver referencing styles, there is no single 'correct' style. If you refer to more than one source for guidance on Harvard, for example, you may notice inconsistencies so always try to stick to one source for guidance. The most important thing is to remain consistent.
Which referencing style should I use?
Recognising different referencing styles.
UCL does not have a standard referencing style for use across the university, but some UCL departments, or even individual academic programmes, may have a preferred referencing style.
Consult your programme handbook or ask your UCL department which style you should use.
If you are writing for publication, you will find the journal or publisher will have its own style and guidelines
Here is an example of an in-text citation in an author-date style:
In their review of the literature (Knapik et al., 2015) some themes emerge …
This style uses an approach in which an author-date are located / identified directly within the text when a source is used, which then allows the reader to find the full reference to the source at the end of the essay on a separate references list (or bibliography).
Here is an example of an in-text citation in a numeric style:
In their review of the literature (1) some themes emerge …
This style uses a numbering system, where an alpha-numeric figure identifies that a source has been used/referenced. The reader can then locate the full reference in the reference list at the end of the essay.
Here is an example of an in-text citation in a notes and bibliography style:
In their review of the literature 1 some themes emerge …
This style uses footnotes or endnotes, where the full details of the source are given in the footnote (at the bottom of the current page), or in the endnotes (at the end of the essay). If the same reference occurs again an abbreviated form is used in the footnote/endnote. All references also appear in full on a separate references list (or bibliography) at the end of the essay.
Key messages
- Find out which style you are required to use in your work.
- Ensure you are consistent in your use of that style.
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- Last Updated: Mar 1, 2023 4:54 PM
- URL: https://library-guides.ucl.ac.uk/referencing-plagiarism

Library Services

References, citations and avoiding plagiarism
This guide provides methods to refer sources in your work and the benefits this brings, ensuring you adhere to the UCL policy on plagiarism.
Go to References, citations and avoiding plagiarism

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Academic Writing Guide
Writing process.
- Citation and Style
Structuring your Writing
Critical analysis, editing and proofreading, academic support resources.
The writing process can generally be divided into four steps. No writing project will follow these steps perfectly, and you will occasionally find yourself going back to earlier steps or jumping ahead based on what information you need at what stage. Generally speaking though, it is strongly recommended to follow the process as much as you can.
Make sure to outline what areas of research you need to cover before you start reading. Make sure you are using reputable sources, not just articles off the internet. One way to do this is to use sites approved by your tutors or finding authors that you trust and looking at their bibliography to find more sources.
Keep the topic of your work in mind, make sure that all your points are relevant to the question. It is useful to structure your paragraphs as well as the whole essay; this means planning your argument for each paragraph and how you will link each paragraph together.
The first draft of your work should just be focused on getting your argument and plan on paper, you can re-write it and edit it to the word count later. Make sure that your argument is clear in every paragraph and that your style is appropriate for the essay.
Make sure to leave enough time for revision and editing so that you don’t hand your work in with easily rectified errors. Take the time to read your work looking for one error at a time. For example if you know that you sometimes miss out articles, read your work through checking only your articles. Then read it through again looking only for verb conjugation. Then again for structure and clarity. Try to read your work through multiple times, looking for only one thing each time.
Citation and Style
Preferred citation and style varies across departments and even tutors, so always check with your department’s academic guide for what you specifically need to do.
Generally UCL uses either Harvard or Chicago citation styles and guides on how to do this are available online and linked below. Citations are used to give credit to an author, help other readers find the writing that influenced your work, show how much research you’ve done and back up your argument with other works.
As a general rule to avoid plagiarism, if you’re stating something that is common knowledge e.g. that climate change is a threat or that there is a growing trend that more and more animals are becoming endangered, this does not require citation. However if you are quoting someone’s work, stating their argument or using their data, you need to use a citation.
Click here for UCL style guides .
Click here for UCL citation guides .
Introduction
The introduction of an essay should generally be about 10% of your essay, so in a 10,000 word dissertation it should be about 1000 words, in a 2,500 word essay it should be about 250 words. Of course this is not an exact number, but this is the general number you should be aiming for.
The introduction should set the scene of the essay and introduce any necessary background details for the essay. This may be outlining the current situation surrounding your essay, or the historical background to your topic. Additionally you may need to define any terms given in your essay title or explain the parameters of discussion.
Signposting
One way to help structure your essay is to use signposting. Signposting means using phrases and words to guide the reader through the content of your essay. Signposting helps make the point of your essay clear and obvious to the reader. This is done simply through using phrases that make it clear where the essay is going. Below is an example short example with signposting phrases highlighted in orange:

You can read more on signposting here.
Paragraphs help divide your essay into manageable chunks and are a fundamental part of your essay. You should aim to only include one point per paragraph, almost as if you are writing a mini essay each time. This is to make sure that each point is distinct and well-argued before moving on to the next one.
One effective way of structuring paragraphs is ‘PEEL’. Within paragraphs an effective way to structure them is using the PEEL method. PEEL stands for:
- Introduce your point (your own words)
- Add the evidence to support your point (quoted or paraphrased evidence that needs to be referenced)
- Explain how and why this evidence supports your point and what you think of it (your own interpretation and critical thinking)
- Link it back to your overall argument.
One paragraph in an essay about whether animals should be kept in zoos might look like this:
First of all, removing animals from their natural habitat is incredibly cruel. When kept captive, these beautiful creatures become bored and lonely, often leading to a condition called ‘zoochosis’. Animals suffering from zoochosis begin performing anxious, repetitive acts such as rocking back and forth, swaying, grooming themselves excessively and vomiting. Conditions such as this clearly demonstrate that wild animals belong in the wilderness and not in restrictive, prison-like enclosures. Animals must be freed from zoos now, so that this terrible suffering and mental torture ends for good.
(i) State your point (ii) Support with evidence (iii) Explain the evidence (iv) Link to the topic
The conclusion should not introduce any new points or arguments, it should be a reiteration of the argument presented in your essay. Your conclusion may summarise the points made in your argument and may reiterate why they are relevant to the discussion.
If relevant, the conclusion may also link to wider problems or debates in the field, or how your essay contributes to these discussions. You may also include areas where more research is needed or what questions still need answering in your field of research.
Critical analysis is an essential part of the essay writing process. Critical analysis shows the reader (and more importantly your tutor) that you are actively engaged with what you are reading, and you are not just accepting arguments without thinking about the. In other words, you are carefully considering an idea and weighing up the evidence supporting it to see if it is convincing. Then you need to explain why you find the evidence convincing or unconvincing. Finally you must state why you agree or disagree with a good reason.
Often you will not totally disagree with an author’s argument or you may agree with some parts but not all. This means that you have to state which parts of an author’s arguments you agree with and which parts you do not agree with. Sometimes you may even agree with an overall argument but may not agree with an author’s methodology or how they presented their data.
Here are some things to keep in mind with critical analysis:
- Consider the intended audience
- Is the author making a well-reasoned argument backed up by facts?
- Does the author cite sources? Can you verify the facts yourself? Does the information appear valid and well-researched? Is it backed up by evidence?
- Do you detect any bias on the part of the author?
- Does the work update other sources, add new information, or substantiate other material you have already acquired?
- Is the material primary (raw material, first-hand accounts such as diaries, government documents, contemporary newspaper articles, scientific research reports) or secondary (scholarly journal articles, books, encyclopaedia articles)?
- Is the work logically organised? Are the main points clearly presented? Is the work easy to read? Does it flow logically, or is it choppy?
Your argument should be clearly stated in one or two lines in the introduction and conclusion of your essay. The aim of your argument is to show that you can think critically about a topic and come to an original and independent conclusion which is backed up by research.
An argument doesn’t have to ‘come down on one side or the other’. In fact, most often, given the complexity of life, a good argument will offer a nuanced line that rejects any simplicity.
Firstly, what is the difference between editing and proofreading?
Editing: revising a text to ensure the message is clear and coherent for maximum impact. Editing focuses on tone, structure, voice, word quality and quantity.
Proofreading: revising a text to ensure grammar, spelling and formatting are all correct and consistent
The first few readings of your essay should be dedicated to clarity and coherence. Namely, does your essay make sense? Is the argument clear and understood? Are your transitions logical? The second reading should be dedicated to what you know you make errors on. This could be grammatical mistakes you know you make, or structural problems you make often. If possible you should allow time for re-writing and re-working your essay until you’re satisfied. Always make time for proofreading and editing, otherwise you risk making small mistakes which could affect your overall grade.
When editing, things to keep in mind are:
- Overall Structure
- Structure within paragraphs
When proofreading, things to keep in mind are:
- Don’t rely entirely on spelling checkers or grammar checkers
- Proofread for only one kind of error at a time.
- Read slowly, and read every word. Try reading out loud, which forces you to say each word and also lets you hear how the words sound together.
- Separate the text into individual sentences. Read each sentence separately, looking for grammar, punctuation, or spelling errors.
- Circle every punctuation mark to see if it’s used correctly.
- The proofreading process becomes more efficient as you develop and practice a systematic strategy.
Style Guides by Department (UCL)
Check here to see what style guide your department expects students to use
UCL Academc Communication Centre
The UCL Academic Communication Centre (ACC) is a new support service to enhance UCL students’ discipline-specific writing and speaking skills. They work closely with UCL academic departments and faculties to develop tailored workshops, classes and tutorials for native and non-native English speakers.
UCL Writing Lab
The Writing Lab is a free service offered through the UCL Academic Communication Centre which runs workshops, tutorials and support sessions to enhance academic writing and research skills. The Writing Lab's services are available for undergraduate and postgraduate students in the Joint Faculties of Arts & Humanities and Social & Historical Sciences, the Bartlett Faculty of the Built Environment, and Psychology & Language Sciences.
IOE Writing Centre
The IOE Writing Centre is one of UCL’s most complete academic writing resources for students. It provides insight into how to manage the writing process effectively as well as links to all of the style guides (e.g. Harvard, APA) available on LibGuides. It also offers straightforward instructions on how to cite effectively to avoid plagiarism
Purdue OWL Writing Lab
Purdue is one of the most complete and authoritative higher education writing resources on the web. It provides clear and detailed guidance on every stage of the writing process and includes useful information on subject specific writing. Note: Purdue OWL uses American English. Usually this is not a problem but if you have any doubt about whether a usage or spelling is appropriate for a British English context, check with our peer tutors or consult the IOE Writing Centre link above
Linguee is a web-sourced comparative usage dictionary for 25 languages. It allows students to search a word or phrase in one language to find authoritative examples of how it is used in web-published text alongside comparative examples from another language. Ask one of our peer tutors for guidance on how to use it most effectively.
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UCL MB PhD Journal Club *ARCHIVE*
Post hoc ergo propter hoc, thesis writing tips.

Image taken from ucl.ac.uk
Here are some tips from current UCL MB PhD students on how to go about writing up your PhD thesis. Thanks to Ina Schim van der Loeff (PhD) for getting this section off the ground. If you would like to add more tips, please email joshua[dot]kahan at ucl, or use the reply/comment feature below.
Ina ‘s tips:
- make your figures first, once they are made the writing is easy
- write the results chapters first and then per results chapter: write results first, then the discussion, then the introduction
- write the intro after and the final discussion and methods last
- write your chapters in separate word docs, don’t insert any figures or format any tables of content or references until all the docs have been merged or the files will be huge/crash
- put all your abbreviations as abbreviations and then find the first instance of the abbreviation in the final merged doc
- a great reference programme is Papers from Mekentosj
- save multiple versions after edits or reviews
- set up a template in word with all your heading and table etc. fonts before you start writing
Rebecca ‘s tips:
- Figures first, as Ina said – they don’t have to be final. Even if you don’t know exactly how you’re going to group your data or what order you are going to present things in, it is helpful to have all your data in illustrator/powerpoint files, then you can rearrange figure/panel order in due course according to the order you write things in.
- As for the order you write the rest in, I’m pretty much in agreement with Ina, although I chopped and changed between different sections a bit. A change is as good as a rest, and the most important thing is to write efficiently.
- In a similar vein, save the Materials and Methods section for those days when you have writer’s block, are feeling thesis-weary/uninspired or are trying to multitask experiments. Sometimes just getting started writing something is enough to get you going writing the bit you really want to be writing.
- Figure legends take a (perhaps surprisingly) long time to write, and because they are the bit of your thesis that your examiners are most likely to actually read, they are very important…
- Don’t play reference relay when writing your introduction. I spent a lot of time reading references that were cited in other references, because they sounded interesting and relevant. In fact, it was overkill and meant I just delayed writing my intro for longer than was necessary!
- If writing in word, you may need to remove field codes before converting to pdf to print, as sometimes these go a bit strange during the conversion.
- Insert figures as JPEGs or pngs, not as TIFFs or pdfs. TIFF resolution is excessive printed images, and the larger file size makes it more likely that word will crash when you insert the figures.
- I have a word template with all the necessary formatting embedded that the CRUK student programme give out which I would be very happy to share with everyone.
- Save multiple versions, at multiple timepoints, in multiple locations. If you are going out with your laptop in tow, save it somewhere remote first.
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Template for EPL's UCLouvain Ph.D. Theses
UCL-INGI/thesis-template
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This repository contains a template to write your thesis with the CIACO's requirements. Just look at either thesis_a4.tex or thesis_elec.tex and start writing :-)
NB: For the bibliography, use Biber instead of BibTex.
Thesis format
Two main files are proposed: either writing on A4 format (thesis_a4.tex) or on the CIACO specific one (thesis_elec.tex). Both formats should work for the CIACO, but make sure you mention the format you use when sending your PDF for printing!
Continuous Integration with GitHub
If you use GitHub to host your repository, you can leverage the GitHub Actions to auto-generate the thesis PDF. For this, you have a few environment variables to configure this workflow:
Then in the Actions tab of your GitHub repository, you can build the thesis.
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Publish a book
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- CC BY : Allows others to redistribute, edit and build upon the content, even commercially, as long as the original author is credited.
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Although authors are free to combine the licences to suit their needs – CC BY-NC-SA is also available – a clear preference for the CC BY licence has emerged in recent years. In keeping with the spirit of open access, CC BY fully realises the potential of open publishing to transform content into an effective tool for education and research: the less restrictive the licence, the more widely and flexibly the content can be redistributed and reused. For this reason, CC BY is promoted as the licence of choice by funding bodies including the Wellcome Trust and RCUK.
For more information about Creative Commons licences for Humanities and Social Science authors, click here .
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How is a thesis different to a monograph?
Many of the differences between a thesis and a monograph lie in their distinct purposes. The purpose of your thesis was to learn and demonstrate what you had learnt, and it was examined according to this purpose. It was, and still is, evidence of your ability to define a topic, develop and apply methodologies, and undertake research. Your monograph, however, will be evidence of your ability to explore and connect a range of ideas in a fresh way, creating a new perspective that will aim to inform and influence a field of knowledge or discipline.
The audience of your thesis reflected its purpose. It was a predetermined audience and likely comprised your supervisor and examination panel. The audience of your monograph will be international and considerably broader, potentially consisting of undergraduate and postgraduate students, professional researchers, policymakers and other groups of readers outside the academy.
Rethinking your project
Due to their different purpose and audience, your thesis cannot easily become a monograph. A revised thesis is often still a thesis. This is because the underlying foundations – your presence as the author, your tone and argument – have remained untouched, bound in the conventions of a thesis. There may be remnants of the referencing and signposting that made your authorial presence in the thesis difficult to identify, and it may still feel overly formal, with its passive voice retained along with a predictable structure.
During the rewriting process, you will embed the purpose and intended audience of your monograph in the foundations of the work. Your presence as the author will be stronger, you will quote sparingly, and your structure will help you to explore and connect ideas in a logical and comprehensible way.
It may be necessary to put your thesis to one side and revisit your research data to decide how you can make the most important contribution to your discipline. What do people need to know? What knowledge can you offer that is most in demand? What future trends can you detect?
Seeking advice
There is a wealth of advice available to you on the thesis-to-monograph process, from books written by editors and researchers to your supervisor, examiners and peers. We encourage you to use these resources to help you grasp a clear understanding of how to approach the task.
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In-Text Citing
In addition to formatted references, you need to cite the author of the source in text whenever you refer to their work, or ideas. This is known as in-text citing.
Harvard in-text citation requires that you cite in brackets the name of the creator of the work, and the date of publication.
In-Text Example 1: when the authors name forms part of the sentence:
Brown (2013) states that the key …….
In-Text Example 2: when the source is attributed but the authors name does not form part of the sentence:
Extensive research (Brown, 2013) indicates that…..
In-Text Example 3: when citing a direct quote you must include page numbers:
The possibility has been said to be “beyond the limits of our society’s understanding” (Brown, 2013, p.23).
In-Text Example 4: when citing the same article or book as the previous citation, you can (if you want) use 'ibid.', and if the page number is different include it:
... according to Brown (ibid., p.24).
You must provide a list of the references that you have cited, formatted in the Harvard style, and in alphabetical order by author, in a bibliography at the end of your work. We will now look at how you would format your references in the bibliography.
Formatting references in the bibliography
Format: Author surname, Initial. (Year). Title . Edition if not the 1st. Place of publication: Publisher.
• Example: Bassey, M. (1999). Case study research in educational settings . 2nd ed. London: Open University Press.
Books with two or three authors
• Example: Bloor, M., Wood, F. (2006). Keywords in Qualitative Methods: a vocabulary of research concepts . London: Sage Publications.
Books with more than three authors – give the name of the first author, followed by ‘et al.’ (which means 'and others').
• Example: Rice, R. et al. (2001). Accessing and browsing: information and communication . Cambridge: MIT Press.
Journal Articles
Format: Author surname, Initial. (Year) Title of article. Title of journal , Vol. no. (Part no./Issue/Month), Pages, use p. or pp.
• Example: Ball, R. (2003) Libraries and distance education – a German view. Libri , 53(2), pp.71-81
Format: Author surname, Initial. (Year) Title of document [Online] Organisation responsible (optional). Available from: web address [Accessed date].
• Example: Castles, S. (2004), Confronting the Realities of Forced Migration [Online] Migration Policy Institute. Available from: http://www.migrationpolicy.org/article/confronting-realities-forced-migration [18 September 2018].
Thesis or Dissertation
Format: Author surname, Initial. (Year). Title . Designation (Level, e.g. MSc, PhD.), Institution.
• Example: Rajaram, P.K. (2002). Exile and desire: Refugees, aesthetics and the territorial borders of international relations . Unpublished thesis (PhD.), London School of Economics and Political Science.
Newspaper Articles
Format: Author surname, Initial. (Year) Article title. Newspaper title , Day and Month (abbreviated), Pages, use p. or pp. (if no page number e.g. an online newspaper state the date accessed).
• Example: Crosbie, J. (2013) More refugees in 2012 than for 20 years, says UN. Irish Times , 19 June, p. 11
Variations of Harvard
There is no single definitive way to use the Harvard referencing style. If you use Summon or RefWorks to convert items into Harvard (our reference management software page explains how to do this), you'll notice that the format is slightly different to the guidance on this page. Remember that what is important is that:
- You have referenced each time you have referred to someone else's work
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La Neurona Errant
A neuroscientist's point of view.

A thesis template in Word
It’s been *checks calendar* over four years since I started my PhD, which means it is time for me to start writing up my thesis. Don’t get me wrong, I really like this part. I had a great time writing and putting the figures together for my MSc thesis. And one of the things I’ve enjoyed the most besides getting beautiful recordings from tiny midbrain neurons has been to write, edit, and revise abstracts and manuscripts before publication.
But here’s the thing. I am the kind of person that keeps pointing out how that figure is not * perfectly * aligned. I’m also the kind of person that takes courses on “Designing Academic Presentations” and “Writing Compelling Abstracts” and takes notes on how great and effective the slides and figures of that seminar were. So one thing I knew for sure was that I wanted my thesis to look good. To have a nice-looking typographical style. And this inevitably took me to LaTeX . So yes, I ended up taking a course on “Using LaTeX for Academic Writing” too.
The good thing about LaTeX is that there are plenty of nice templates out there (the classicthesis by André Miede is one that has been repeatedly recommended to me) and Overleaf has made it significantly easier to get started and quickly test different templates (I’ve drawn inspiration from Clean Thesis , Classic Thesis , UCL Thesis , or Basic Thesis ). However, it is still a bit of a steep learning curve and I found that, similar to any programming language, you won’t really learn it unless you absolutely need it for the project at hand. Sure, the end product looks great, but I’ve always felt it is a bit of a pain to write and proof-read long pieces of text in plain text and markup, with too many typos escaping notice for my liking. And let’s face it, I’ve been using Word all my life and quite like the “What You See Is What You Get” approach. Plus pretty much any document that goes around (be it a manuscript draft, a potential abstract, or a motivation letter for a summer school) and needs revising will most likely start as a Word file.
So instead of spending time working out how to properly use LaTeX to create a beautiful template for my thesis I spent it on reading about typographical styles, browsing fonts, and looking at a bunch of thesis from friends and University repositories. And at the end of the day I ended up learning a few tricks in Word and used them to create my own thesis template using a software I’m already familiar with. So here we are: a thesis template in Word. If you want to get straight to it and start using the template, you can download the latest version from GitHub . To have a quick look at the template, follow this link . And to learn more about the template itself and how I created it, keep on reading.

Download the Template
If you go to this GitHub repository you’ll find several documents. All of them were made using Microsoft Word for Microsoft 365 MSO (Version 2008, Build 13127.21064, 64-bit). The documents are:
- Thesis_and_Cover_Template.docx – An example DOCX document formatted with styles and ready to use.
- Thesis_and_Cover_Template.pdf – A PDF version of the document to browse an example of the end result.
- Thesis_and_Cover_Template.dotx – A DOTX template document (opening it will create a new DOCX document based on the styles of the template).
- Thesis_Style.dotx – The style of the template.
- Thesis_Theme.thmx – The theme of the template.
Sections included in the template: Cover, Preface, Acknowledgements, Dedication, Quote, Abstract, Impact Statement, Statement of Contributions, Contents, List of Figures, List of Tables, Abbreviations, Introduction, Methods, Chapter 1, Chapter 2, Chapter 3, Chapter 4, Discussion, References, Appendix.
Anyone is free to use and share this template. If I’ve done my job right, it hopefully serves as a good starting point for your PhD or MSc thesis and you find it easy to use. If you use the template please let me know by leaving a comment here or on twitter . It’s always nice to get feedback!
The following sections contain a few useful things to bear in mind, some explanations of how the template was made, and a few tricks I learned about Word when preparing it. Similar templates can be found here and here .
University Guidelines
The first thing I did was to check my University’s regulations on thesis formatting. University College London has a section on their website with general guidelines for the formatting of your thesis, as well as a separate section with further recommendations for the preparation of word processed documents. These were very handy and gave me a sense of the things that should be in the template. Of course the specifics will vary depending on your Department and University, so make sure to check them and tweak the template before submitting!
The other really useful thing to do is to browse recent thesis from your Department and University. Most University libraries have a public repository (check here and here to browse UCL theses). I also recommend checking out the theses from friends and colleagues that graduated before you, every thesis has its own personality and you will get a ton of inspiration from each one.
Styles and Multilevel Lists
The idea of a template like this one is to hopefully help the user save a lot of the time that would otherwise be spent in formatting. One of the main things I did to give you (and myself) a head start was to create and format styles for things like the main text (e.g. “Thesis Body” and “Thesis Body Indent”), different levels of headings (e.g. “Thesis Section”, “Thesis Heading”, “Thesis Subheading”, etc.), and other things like figure captions, the footer and header, and the table of contents. The advantage of starting from such a document where most styles are already defined is that you can easily tweak them to your liking. For instance, even if you don’t like the fonts I chose or wish to customise it a bit more (by changing the indent, color, or font size of a particular style), it is pretty straight forward to do. For example, you can change the default to your preferred fonts (go to “ Design/Fonts/Customize Fonts ” and then save your changes as a new Theme on “ Design/Themes/Save Current Theme ” and apply it to the document) or modify any given style (open the Styles tab and click on “Manage Styles” or simply modify the style of your choice).
A really useful trick I learned was to define a Multilevel List so that the style of each heading level was linked to the correct list level. By doing this you ensure that the numbering of the headings automatically follows the logical order across chapters, without you having to worry about it. The way I did this was to open the “ Multilevel List ” menu and click on “ Define new Multilevel list “. Then I linked each level to a style (e.g. “Level 1” to “Thesis Section”) and formatted the numbering to my liking (font, alignment, indent, etc.). For the lower levels, I also made sure that the numbering automatically included the number of the upper levels (e.g. for Level 3 – “Thesis Subheading”, select “Include level number from: Level 1 and Level 2”, so that you are left with something like “2.3.1. Subheading” that gets automatically populated) and that the count restarted when it should by selecting “Restart list after: level X” (e.g. for Level 2 – “Thesis Heading”, set “Restart list after: Level 1”).
Finally, styles come in really handy to populate the Table of Contents. The template I made already includes a Table of Contents based on the defined styles. To create it I went to “ References/Table of Contents/Custom Table of Contents “, selected “ Formats: From template ” and “ Show levels: 4 ” and then opened the “Options” menu to link the right style to the right TOC level (e.g. “Thesis Section” to level 1, “Thesis Heading” to level 2, etc.). To tweak the formatting to my liking I went to the styles for TOC1, TOC2, TOC3, and TOC4 and modified them accordingly.
Resources : “ Understanding Styles in Microsoft Word “, “ Word Styles from the beginning “, “ How to create multilevel numbered headings in Word 2016 “, “ How to link multilevel list headings to custom styles “.
Figure Captions and Cross-references
To add a title and number for a figure or table, I went to “ References/Insert Caption “. In the menu that opens you can select “ New Label ” and type the figure or table number (e.g. “Figure 1.”). What I did was to create a different Label for each Chapter, so that the first number of the Figure/Table matches that of the Chapter. Therefore, for the first chapter (i.e. “1. Introduction”) the template has two labels: “Figure 1.” and “Table 1.”. Once the new label has been created, you are back on the “ Caption ” menu. You can now add the title of the figure in the “ Caption ” field (e.g. “Figure 1.1. A circle”). Note that the second number will now be automatically updated (“Figure 1.1”, “Figure 1.2”, etc.) and by having different labels for each chapter the first of the numbers will match the relevant chapter (“Figure 2.1”, “Figure 3.1”, etc.), whereas the second will reflect the number of figures on that chapter (“Figure 2.1”, “Figure 2.2”, etc.). You can then press “OK” to insert the caption.
Once you have your caption, you can select it and format it by applying the “Thesis Figure Caption” or the “Thesis Table Caption” style. You will notice I added a style for the caption (“Thesis Table Caption”) and a style for the legend (“Thesis Table Legend”), which will allow us to do the Table of Contents using only the Captions style. To get both the caption and legend in the same line/paragraph you will need to insert a “Style Separator”. To do that, first start a new paragraph after the inserted caption and type your legend text. Format the legend by applying the “Thesis Table Legend” style. Once done, place the cursor at the end of the caption (e.g. “Table 1.1. Stats for experiment A”) and press “Ctrl+Alt+Enter”. This will add a style separator and bring the “Thesis Table Legend” right next to the “Thesis Table Caption”.
Once you have successfully inserted a caption you should be able to insert a cross-reference in the main text to point to the right figure or table by going to “ References/Cross-reference ” and selecting the appropriate label (e.g. “Figure 1.” or “Table 2.”) from the drop-down menu in “ Reference type “. You can choose to insert the entire caption or only the label and number (i.e. “Figure 1.1”) and then select the caption you are trying to cross-reference from the options shown. Once inserted, the text will now act as an hyperlink that takes you to the right figure, and will get updated if you change the caption or shuffle around the figures and the number changes. You can quickly update all the cross-references and tables by selecting all (Ctrl+A) and pressing F9.
Finally, although the template already provides a List of Figures and a List of Tables, it is easy enough to add one yourself using our custom styles. The way to do this is to go to “ References/Insert Table of Figures ” and click on the “ Options ” menu. This allows you to build the Table of Figures from a specific Style instead of one single Label (remember we have different labels for each chapter, so this option would entail creating one Table of Contents for each label we created, and no one really wants to do that). Make sure you select “ Style ” and then select “Figure Thesis Caption” or “Thesis Table Caption” from the drop-down menu. Once you press “OK” you are back to the “Table of Figures” menu and you can further customise the format or leave it as it is by selecting “From Template” in the Formats field. Note that the drop-down menu for “Caption label” will say “(none)” – this is expected as we decided to base our table of figures on a Style instead of a Label. After clicking OK your Table of Figures/Tables should have been correctly inserted.
Resources : “ Using Cross References ” , “ Style Separators in Word “, “ Insert a Caption ” and “ Create a Cross-reference “.
Master Documents
Word is not famous for handling really large files. In fact, one of the major complaints I keep hearing about Word is how it just crashes when the document is really long (such as a thesis) or how much of a pain it is to format and move figures or tables around. So I was of course worried about this too. Until I learned about what a master document was and how you could create one in Word. I had absolutely no idea that master documents were a thing until a couple of months ago, but I have to say it makes a whole lot of sense that they exist. You should totally invest some time in reading about them and learning how to create and use a master document with sub-documents for each chapter. The good thing is that it is pretty easy to create a master document from the template I made: open the Template.DOTX file, save it as a .DOCX, and then go to “ View/Outline/Show Document “. This will take you to a view mode that will allow you to create different subdocuments based on the pre-defined styles. For instance, select “1. Introduction” and click on “Create”. If you then “Save” the file and click on “Collapse Subdocuments”, Word will automatically create a separate document for that section, and replace the text in the Master Document for a link to the directory containing the new file itself. You may need to apply the “Thesis_Style” and “Thesis_Theme” to the new subdocument once you open it, but it should then adopt the same format that the template has.
Alright! I’m leaving some more links about Master Documents below, but that’d be all from me now. I may update both the template and this post with further tips as I learn them. After all, this is work in progress and I’ve just started writing the thesis, so it is very likely I’ll be finding bugs and things I don’t like or could be better along the way (I already found a couple while writing this post!). Hope you find it useful, please leave a comment with any feedback or just to say you’ve used it, or get me a coffee as a token of gratitude via the button below. And if you have read this far, hey, thanks!
Resources : “ Working with Master Documents “, “ Create a Master Document in Word 2010 from Multiple Documents “, “ Using Multiple Documents to Create a Master Document in Word “, “ How to use a Master document in Microsoft Word “, “ The Master Document View “, “ Creating subdocuments “, “ Modifying subdocuments “, and “ Importing data for subdocuments “.
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UCL Thesis — Template for authors
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Frequently asked questions
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Yes, the template is compliant with the UCL Thesis guidelines. Our experts at SciSpace ensure that. If there are any changes to the journal's guidelines, we'll change our algorithm accordingly.
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Yes. You can choose the right template, copy-paste the contents from the word document, and click on auto-format. Once you're done, you'll have a publish-ready paper UCL Thesis that you can download at the end.
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auto-pst-pdf and ucl thesis style
I have a problem with compiling my thesis which uses the ucl latex template style. While I've tried to reduce it to a minimal working example, I'm not sure whether it's still relevant. The error I get when trying to compile my thesis is
Trying to recreate this I came up with
Which works fine with lualatex --shell-escape --halt-on-error temp.tex however when I change the document class to ucl_thesis the image doesn't appear. Which is a different error to my previous problem, but it may help.
RATSMoelcules.eps
ucl_thesis.cls
- auto-pst-pdf
- Welcome to TeX.SX! Usually, we don't put a greeting or a “thank you” in our posts. While this might seem strange at first, it is not a sign of lack of politeness, but rather part of our trying to keep everything very concise. Accepting and upvoting answers is the preferred way here to say “thank you” to users who helped you. – Martin Schröder Feb 6, 2015 at 18:00
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UCL does not have a standard referencing style for use across the university, but some UCL departments, or even individual academic programmes, may have a
This guide provides methods to refer sources in your work and the benefits this brings, ensuring you adhere to the UCL policy on plagiarism.
Thesis template. Written for Physics students in HEP but is applicable to all with a few tweaks of included libraries.
so in a 10,000 word dissertation it should be about 1000 words
write your chapters in separate word docs, don't insert any figures or format any tables of content or references until all the docs have been merged or the
Two main files are proposed: either writing on A4 format (thesis_a4.tex) or on the CIACO specific one (thesis_elec.tex). Both formats should work for the CIACO
We welcome proposals for monographs, short monographs, edited volumes, and textbooks across all major disciplines in the Arts and Humanities, Social Sciences
Format: Author surname, Initial. (Year). Title. Designation (Level, e.g. MSc, PhD.), Institution. ... Example: Rajaram, P.K. (2002).
An easy to use template to write your PhD or MSc thesis in Word. ... from Clean Thesis, Classic Thesis, UCL Thesis, or Basic Thesis).
Typset automatically formats your research paper to UCL Thesis formatting guidelines and citation style. Speed and accuracy over MS Word.
'PDF inclusion: required page does not exist <1>'. Trying to recreate this I came up with \documentclass[12pt,phd,a4paper,oneside]{book} \