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Referencing a Bachelor's Thesis
LaTeX only offers @mastersthesis or @phdthesis , but no bachelor's thesis.
I tried to keep the entry as @misc , but the university name doesn't appear.
So I just used @mastersthesis and typed
Is there another way of doing this -- or could I create a new @bachelorthesis entry type in the .bst file?
- bibliographies
- This should be possible with biblatex (somewhat easily). I suspect if it is at all possible with standard .bst files, it's probably not worth the hassle. – moewe Sep 25, 2013 at 20:00
- @moewe - It's not much hassle either to modify a copy of a bibliography style such as plainnat . :-) – Mico Sep 25, 2013 at 20:57
- @Mico I did not think it would be that easy. Being a biblatex fan I really underestimated natbib and friends. – moewe Sep 25, 2013 at 21:00
- 9 There are many types of thesis and @mastersthesis provides the field type just for this purpose. I wouldn't bother creating a new entry type just for a couple of citations. Before editing (a copy) of an existing .bst style, consider that for a submission you would have to use @mastersthesis anyway and you can't share your .bib file with your coworkers unless they have the new .bst file: using personally modified styles limits document portability. – egreg Sep 25, 2013 at 21:56
- 1 I had a similar problem and solved with this technique: hci.rwth-aachen.de/materials/bib/?id=kluth2011a – user75906 Apr 9, 2015 at 23:03
3 Answers 3
The simplest way to do so is to use @masterthesis and then setting the type to Bachelor's Thesis which will get printed instead of the default Master's Thesis . That is:
The new way to reference a Bachelor's Thesis is to use @thesis , which also replaces @phdthesis and @mastersthesis (both can still be used).
In type you can write whatever you want. But mathesis and phdthesis are predefined for Master's Thesis and PhD Thesis respectively.
- 4 Can you provide a source for the @thesis type? – andreas Mar 22, 2018 at 10:19
- 8 This did not work for me, maybe because of an old LaTeX installation at my institution. The type and school were not shown. However, when I changed @thesis to @phdthesis it worked as expected. – m00am Jan 7, 2019 at 14:06
- That doesn't work with BibTeX. – vonbrand Jun 24, 2021 at 2:52
- Similar to m00am: "Warning--entry type for "joachim2018methodology" isn't style-file defined" – Caleb Stanford Jul 26, 2022 at 23:09
It's not LaTeX per se but the bibliography style you use that determines, among many things, which types of bibliographic entries are recognized. If you're using a bibliography style such as plainnat , it's not much work at all to create a new entry type named, say, @bachelorsthesis . The following instructions should work not just for plainnat but for many other bibliography styles too, as long as they feature a function called mastersthesis .
Find the file plainnat.bst in your TeX distribution. Make a copy of this file and call it, say, myplainnat.bst . (Don't edit an original file of the TeX distribution directly.)
Open the file myplainnat.bst in your favorite text editor and locate the function called mastersthesis . (It starts on line 910 in my copy of the .bst file.)
Copy the code of the entire function (ca. 16 lines) and paste the copy below the existing function.
Change the new function's name from mastersthesis to bachelorsthesis .
Change the string "Master's thesis" to "Bachelor's thesis" .
Save the new .bst file either in the same directory as your main .tex file or somewhere in your TeX distribution's search path. If you choose the latter method, you will probably need to update the filename database in a way that's appropriate for your TeX distribution.
Start using the new bibliography style by invoking it via \bibliographystyle{myplainnat) , rerun LaTeX, BibTeX, and LaTeX twice more to fully update all references and citation call-outs, and start creating and citing those entries of type @bachelorsthesis . :-)
Happy (Bib)TeXing!
Specifying the type of thesis within @mastersthesis
works for me when using \bibliographystyle{elsarticle-num}.
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Add support for bachelor's theses
We would like to display bachelor's and master's theses on our website. Currently, we can display master's theses with @mastersthesis ( Example ). However, if we use the same entry type for bachelor's thesis, it's also shown as master's thesis, the type field is ignored.
One way to solve this would be to follow how biblatex displays the @thesis type, i.e., use @thesis for all types of theses and distinguish the different types by looking into the type field:
* If the type field is mathesis, display the thesis like @mastersthesis is currently displayed
* Display type bathesis in the same way, but with the string 'Bachelor's Thesis'
* Display type phdthesis just like @phdthesis is currently displayed.
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Glad you are using BibBase.
Regarding Bachelor's theses, there is no official bibtex type for that. Since we'd like to remain "in spec" with bibtex as much as possible, I'd be hesitant to change the way BibBase interprets bibtex files, e.g., by introducing new entry types.
Fortunately, I think it won't be necessary in this case. You can easily use the Misc type for what you are trying to accomplish (at least from a display point of view):
will result in:
My Bachelor's thesis. Student, M. Bachelor Thesis, 11 2001. This is my BS thesis
Of course, if anyone was to download the bibtex entry/file, the type would then still be Misc, but I consider that a feature, not a bug, since it will not trip up latex or any other tool they may want to use that entry in.
Does that work?
Thanks for the reply! I totally understand that you don't want to deviate from bibtex. However, @thesis is at least supported by biblatex, and even plain bibtex supports bachelor's theses by setting the type field appropriately:
The resulting PDF:
Results in:
However, bibbase ignores the type field completely:
(from here )
We finally got around implementing this. Thanks for doing the leg-work of checking how bibtex and biblatex handle it. We followed your suggest and now support explicit strings as well as the predefined types bathesis and mathesis. Like you suggested we added @thesis as an alias for @mastersthesis. Your page looks good now I think, but please let me know if you find any issues.
Looks great, thanks for implementing this!
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BibTeX undergraduate thesis citation?
Robert W. Brewer
Uwe Waldmann
@MastersThesis{Doe:ANS95, type = "Undergraduate Honors Thesis",
school = s-PSU, address = s-PSU:adr, author = "John Doe", title = "Analysis of Neat Stuff using a Super Algorithm",
Robin Fairbairns
>Alternatively, I guess some way of using @misc might suffice, but >it seems hard to get the school and address to be listed >in that format.
- Plagiarism and grammar
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Cite a Thesis in BibTeX generic citation style
Don't let plagiarism errors spoil your paper
Consider your source's credibility. ask these questions:, contributor/author.
- Has the author written several articles on the topic, and do they have the credentials to be an expert in their field?
- Can you contact them? Do they have social media profiles?
- Have other credible individuals referenced this source or author?
- Book: What have reviews said about it?
- What do you know about the publisher/sponsor? Are they well-respected?
- Do they take responsibility for the content? Are they selective about what they publish?
- Take a look at their other content. Do these other articles generally appear credible?
- Does the author or the organization have a bias? Does bias make sense in relation to your argument?
- Is the purpose of the content to inform, entertain, or to spread an agenda? Is there commercial intent?
- Are there ads?
- When was the source published or updated? Is there a date shown?
- Does the publication date make sense in relation to the information presented to your argument?
- Does the source even have a date?
- Was it reproduced? If so, from where?
- If it was reproduced, was it done so with permission? Copyright/disclaimer included?
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Guide to Writing Your Thesis in LaTeX
The bibliography and list of references.
The Graduate School requires a Bibliography which includes all the literature cited for the complete thesis or dissertation. Quoting from the Graduate School’s Guidelines for the Format of Theses and Dissertations :
“Every thesis in Standard Format must contain a Bibliography which lists all the sources used or consulted in writing the entire thesis and is placed at the very end of the work. The complete citations are arranged alphabetically by last name of the author. Individual citations are not numbered. No abbreviations in titles of published works will be accepted. The full title of a book, journal, website, proceedings, or any other published work must be italicized or underlined. Citations must follow standards set by the style manual that the student is using. The bibliography for URI theses is not broken into categories.”
The List of References is not required by the Graduate School, but is the style commonly used in Engineering, Mathematics, and many of the Sciences. It consists of a numbered list of the sources used or consulted in writing the thesis in the order that they are referenced in the text. There can be either one List of References for the entire thesis, or a List of References at the end of each chapter.
Both the Bibliography and the List of References will be generated by the urithesis LaTeX class. All you need to do is add information about your sources to the references.bib file, which is a database containing all of the necessary information about the references, then cite the reference in your thesis using the \cite{} command.
Generating the Bibliography and References
The bibliography and list of references are generated by running BibTeX. To generate the bibliography, load the file thesisbib.tex into your editor, then run BibTeX on it.
If each chapter has its own list of references, you will need to run BibTeX on each chapter to update its list of references. If there is one list of references for the whole thesis (because you used the oneref option, you will only need to run BibTeX on the top level file thesis.tex .
How to Add a Bibliography Entry
When we want to refer to a source in the thesis, we place an entry for that source in the file references.bib , then cite the source in the thesis with the \cite{LABEL} command. The syntax for an entry in the references.bib file is of the form:
ENTRYTYPE is the type of bibliographic entry such as Book , Article , or TechReport , that this entry describes. At the end of this page is a list of all possible entry types .
LABEL is a unique string that is used to refer to this entry in the body of the thesis when using the \cite{LABEL} command.
The FIELDNAMEn entries are the fields that describe this entry, (ie. author, title, pages, year, etc.). Each entry type has certain required fields and optional fields. See the list of all entry types for a description of the available fields.
As an example, suppose we have a paper from a conference proceedings that we want to cite. First we make an entry in the our references.bib file of the form:
We then cite this source in the text of our thesis with the command \cite{re:toolan:as03} . This will generate a Bibliography entry that looks something like:
and a List of References entry that looks something like:
Types of List of References
The Graduate School requires that the bibliography is always at the end of the thesis and sorted alphabetically by author, therefore there is no options that affect it. The list of references is optional, therefore there are a few different ways that it can created.
By default a separate list of references appears at the end of each chapter, and are sorted by the order that they are cited in that chapter. The option oneref (see options ) will create a single list of references for the whole thesis, which due to the requirements of the Graduate School, will appear after the last chapter and before any appendices.
The option aparefs will cite references using the APA style, which is the last name of the author and year of publication, such as (Toolan, 2006), instead of the default IEEE style, which is a number, such as [1]. This option will also sort the references alphabetically by author, instead of in order of citation. The options oneref and aparefs can be used together to create a single list of references using the APA style.
Supported Bibliography Entry Types
The following is a list of all the entry types that can be used. Click on the desired type to see a detailed description of how to use that type.
- Article – An article from a journal or magazine
- Book – A book with an explicit publisher
- InBook – A part of a book, such as a chapter or selected page(s)
- InCollection – A part of a book having its own title
- Booklet – Printed and bound works that are not formally published
- Manual – Technical documentation
- InProceedings – An article in a conference proceedings
- Proceedings – The entire proceedings of a conference
- MastersThesis – A Master’s thesis
- PhDThesis – A Ph.D. dissertation
- TechReport – A report published by a school or other institution
- Unpublished – A document that has not been formally published
- Electronic – An internet reference like a web page
- Patent – A patent or patent application
- Periodical – A magazine or journal
- Standard – Formally published standard
- Misc – For use when nothing else fits
Articles that have not yet been published can be handled as a misc type with a note. Sometimes it is desirable to put extra information into the month field such as the day, or additional months. This is accomplished by using the BIBTEX concatenation operator “#“:
Example .bib using this type:
Books may have authors, editors or both. Example .bib using this type:
Inbook is used to reference a part of a book, such as a chapter or selected page(s). The type field can be used to override the word chapter (for which IEEE uses the abbreviation “ch.”) when the book uses parts, sections, etc., instead of chapters
Incollection is used to reference part of a book having its own title. Like book , incollection supports the series, chapter and pages fields. Also, the type field can be used to override the word chapter.
Booklet is used for printed and bound works that are not formally published. A primary difference between booklet and unpublished is that the former is/was distributed by some means. Booklet is rarely used in bibliographies.
Technical documentation is handled by the manual entry type.
References of papers in conference proceedings are handled by the inproceedings or conference entry type. These two types are functionally identical and can be used interchangeably. Example .bib using this type:
It is rare to need to reference an entire conference proceedings, but, if necessary, the proceedings entry type can be used to do so.
Master’s (or minor) theses can be handled with the mastersthesis entry type. The optional type field can be used to override the words “Master’s thesis” if a different designation is desired:
The phdthesis entry type is used for Ph.D. dissertations (major theses). Like mastersthesis , the type field can be used to override the default designation. Example .bib using this type:
Techreport is used for technical reports. The optional type field can be used to override the default designation “Tech. Rep.” Example .bib using this type:
The unpublished entry type is used for documents that have not been formally published. IEEE typically just uses “unpublished” for the required note field.
The electronic entry type is for internet references. IEEE formats electronic references differently by not using italics or quotes and separating fields with periods rather than commas. Also, the date is enclosed within parentheses and is placed closer to the title. This is probably done to emphasize that electronic references may not remain valid on the rapidly changing internet. Note also the liberal use of the howpublished field to describe the form or category of the entries. The organization and address fields may also be used. Example .bib using this type:
The nationality field provides a means to handle patents from different countries
The nationality should be capitalized. The assignee and address (of the assignee) fields are not used, however, they are provided. The type field provides a way to override the “patent” description with other patent related descriptions such as “patent application” or “patent request”:
The periodical entry type is used for journals and magazines.
The standard entry type is used for formally published standards. Alternatively, the misc entry type, along with its howpublished field, can be used to create references of standards.
Misc is the most flexible type and can be used when none of the other entry types are applicable. The howpublished field can be used to describe what exactly (or in what form) the reference is (or appears as). Possible applications include technical-report-like entries that lack an institution, white papers and data sheets.
Additional Comments
Because we are effectively creating multiple bibliographies, (one for the actual bibliography, and one for each list of references), the two LATEX commands \bibliographystyle{} and \bibliography{} are not used. They have been redefined to do nothing, and the equivalent of these commands are done automatically when necessary.
When there is a reference that should be included in the bibliography, but does not need to be explicitly referenced in the thesis, use the \nocite{} command. This command works like the \cite{} command, except it does not put the citation in the list of references, only in the bibliography. The \nocite{} command must appear after the first \newchapter{} command, or it will be ignored.
When using the option aparefs , and a citation does not have an author, (such as often occurs with a web page), the key field can be used to specify what to use in the citation instead of the author’s name.
About the Bibliography Format
The bibliography format used by the urithesis class is based on the IEEE format. See the article “How to Use the IEEEtran BIBTEX Style” by Michael Shell for more details.
Citation guides
All you need to know about citations
How to cite an undergraduate thesis in APA
- Google Docs
To cite an undergraduate thesis in a reference entry in APA style 6th edition include the following elements:
- Author(s) of the thesis: Give the last name and initials (e. g. Watson, J. D.) of up to seven authors with the last name preceded by an ampersand (&). For eight or more authors include the first six names followed by an ellipsis (…) and add the last author's name.
- Year of publication: Give the year in brackets followed by a full stop.
- Title of the undergraduate thesis: Only the first letter of the first word and proper nouns are capitalized.
- URL: Give the full URL where the document can be retrieved from.
Here is the basic format for a reference list entry of an undergraduate thesis in APA style 6th edition:
Author(s) of the thesis . ( Year of publication ). Title of the undergraduate thesis (Bachelor's thesis). Retrieved from URL
If the thesis is available from a database, archive or any online platform use the following template:
- Author(s) of the thesis: Give the last name and initials (e. g. Watson, J. D.) of up to 20 authors with the last name preceded by an ampersand (&). For 21 or more authors include the first 19 names followed by an ellipsis (…) and add the last author's name.
- Publication number: Give the identification number of the thesis, if available.
- Name of the degree awarding institution: Give the name of the institution.
- Name of Platform: Give the name of the database, archive or any platform that holds the thesis.
- URL: If the thesis was found on a database, omit this element.
Here is the basic format for a reference list entry of an undergraduate thesis in APA style 7th edition:
Author(s) of the thesis . ( Year of publication ). Title of the undergraduate thesis ( Publication number ) [Bachelor's thesis, Name of the degree awarding institution ]. Name of Platform . URL
If the thesis has not been published or is available from a database use the following template:
- Location: Give the location of the institution. If outside the United States also include the country name.
Author(s) of the thesis . ( Year of publication ). Title of the undergraduate thesis (Unpublished bachelor's thesis). Name of the degree awarding institution , Location .
If the thesis is not published, use the following template:
Author(s) of the thesis . ( Year of publication ). Title of the undergraduate thesis [Unpublished bachelor's thesis]. Name of the degree awarding institution .
APA reference list examples
Take a look at our reference list examples that demonstrate the APA style guidelines for an undergraduate thesis citation in action:
A bachelor's thesis from an online platform
Parekh, P., & Pishchenko, V . ( 2013 ). Factors influencing the choice of bank – An international student perspective ( Bachelor's thesis ). Retrieved from https://www.divaportal.org/smash/get/diva2:653388/FULLTEXT02.pdf
Parekh, P., & Pishchenko, V . ( 2013 ). Factors influencing the choice of bank – An international student perspective [ Bachelor's thesis , Dalarna University ]. Diva Portal . https://www.divaportal.org/smash/get/diva2:653388/FULLTEXT02.pdf
An unpublished undergraduate thesis
Baslow, W . ( 2015 ). The applicability of the qualitative system analysis as decision-making tool in public administration by the example of the municipality Ludwigsburg ( Unpublished undergraduate thesis ). Leuphana University of Lüneburg , Lüneburg, Germany .
Baslow, W . ( 2015 ). The applicability of the qualitative system analysis as decision-making tool in public administration by the example of the municipality Ludwigsburg [ Unpublished undergraduate thesis ]. Leuphana University of Lüneburg .
This citation style guide is based on the official Publication Manual of the American Psychological Association ( 6 th edition).
More useful guides
- APA Referencing: Theses
- APA 6th referencing style: Theses
- APA 6th Edition Citation Style-Dissertation/Thesis
More great BibGuru guides
- MLA: how to cite a translated book
- MLA: how to cite a master's thesis
- Harvard: how to cite a report
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BIBTEX: Code Examples for NPS Theses
The following codes are customized for NPS theses and are not intended for use with any other publisher or template. The NPS thesis LaTeX template comes prepackaged with a BibTeX tool and a bib file containing the examples below.
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On this page
- Basic format to reference a Ph. D Dissertation
- Basic format to reference a Master or Bachelor thesis
- Referencing theses: Examples
Related links on this guide
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Basic format to reference a Ph.D. dissertation, or a Master or B.S. thesis
[#] Author(s) Initial(s). Surname(s), “Title of thesis or dissertation,” Type of thesis (Ph.D. dissertation, or M.S. thesis), Abbrev . Dept., Abbrev . Univ ., City of University , (U.S. State or Country if the City is not 'well known'), Year of Publication. [Type of medium]. Available: site/path/file
Referencing elements to cite:
- [#] Reference number (matching the in-text citation number)
- Author’s first initial. Author’s second initial, if provided. Author’s last name
- Title of dissertation, in lowercase and double quotation marks
- Ph.D. dissertation, or a M.S. thesis
- Abbreviation of the Academic Department, Faculty or College that awarded the Ph.D. or the M.S. thesis
- Abbreviation of the University
- City of University
- State Abbreviation
- Year of Publication
- Type of medium
- Available: site/path/file
[1] K. Jegathala Krishnan, "Implementation of renewable energy to reduce carbon consumption and fuel cell as a back-up power for national broadband network (NBN) in Australia," Ph.D dissertation, College of Eng. and Sc., Victoria Univ., Melbourne, 2013. [Online]. Available: http://vuir.vu.edu.au/25679/
[2] M. T. Long, "On the statistical correlation between the heave, pitch and roll motion of road transport vehicles," M.S. thesis, College of Eng. and Sc., Victoria Univ., Melbourne , Mar. 2016. [Online]. Available: http://vuir.vu.edu.au/32281/1/LONG% 20Michael %20-%20Thesis.pdf
Basic format to reference a Bachelor thesis
[#] Author(s) Initial(s). Surname(s), “Title of thesis,” B.S. thesis, Abbrev. Dept., Abbrev. Univ., City of Univ., (U.S. State or Country if the City is not 'well known''), Year of Publication.
- Author’s first initial. Author’s second initial, if provided. Author’s last name(s)
- Title of thesis, in lowercase and double quotation marks
- B.S. thesis for Bachelor’s thesis
- Abbreviation of the Academic Department, Faculty or College that awarded the degree
[2] J. O. Williams, “Acoustic analysis of sound,” B.S. Thesis, Sch. of Eng. and Appl . Sciences., Harvard Univ ., Cambridge, MA, 2013.
Referencing a theses: Examples
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BibTeX field: type
How to use the type field in bibtex.
The type field is used to store more descriptive name of the type of work. E.g. for a techreport entry it can be "Government Report", while for the phdthesis type it can be a PhD dissertation.
How the type field is used in BibTeX entry types
How to cite a published PhD dissertation in BibTex using @phdthesis?
I have the following entry. But when I cite it in my paper, I keep getting "Unpublished doctoral dissertation" showing up in the entry. As far as I can tell there's no field to specify publishing information, so how do I get rid of this message?
Which bibliography style do you use? In biblatex @phdthesis is an alias for @thesis with field type={phdthesis} by default. See biblatex manual: "@phdthesis: Similar to @thesis except that the type field is optional and defaults to the localised term ‘PhD thesis’. You may still use the type field to override that."
While you are absolutely correct, the OP is (unfortunately!) using bibtex, and not biblatex.
Minimal working example or atleast tell us more about the bibliographystyle you are using and your preamble.
I can't seem to replicate your error.
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The new way to reference a Bachelor's Thesis is to use @thesis , which also replaces @phdthesis and @mastersthesis (both can still be used).
@Misc{student01_my_bachel, key = {bs}, author = {Mary Student}, title = {My Bachelor's thesis}, howpublished = {Bachelor Thesis}, month = 11, year = 2001, note
@MastersThesis{Doe:ANS95, type = "Undergraduate Honors Thesis",. school = s-PSU, address = s-PSU:adr,
Cite a Thesis in BibTeX generic citation style. Source type ... Scan your paper for plagiarism mistakes; Get help for 7,000+ citation styles including APA 6
The bibliography and list of references are generated by running BibTeX. To generate the bibliography, load the file thesisbib.tex into your editor, then run
How to cite an undergraduate thesis in APA ; Author(s) of the thesis. ; Year of publication). ; Title of the undergraduate thesis ; Publication number) [Bachelor's
BIBTEX: Code Examples for NPS Theses ; Always check your output against the Citation Guide example. Use incollection class. @incollection{haynes_2009, author = "
Basic format to reference a Ph.D. dissertation, or a Master or B.S. thesis · [#] Reference number (matching the in-text citation number)
... the phdthesis type it can be a PhD dissertation. type = "Government Report" type = "White Paper" type = "Bachelor thesis" type = "{PhD} dissertation"
phdthesis{phdthesis, author = {Person Name}, title = {Dissertation Title}, school = {University of Somewhere}, year = 2014, }