essay about software and hardware

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Hardware And Software

Technology is based on different components working together to solve an issue. Computer system is an example of such technology that allows input, use the information input and output what the user expects. Computer system is made of software and hardware. The purpose of this paper is to identify the relationship between hardware and software.

Software is in the word used to group numerous computer programs, documentation, and procedures that are tasked with ensuring a computer system operates effectively. The software systems that are used in computer systems are grouped into three classes, which are application software, programming software, and system software. Software allows a system to operate in a specific sequence and allows change of a system based on the software that is available. The software is created in a manner that is user-friendly and forms the interface in which the computer system can operate effectively.

Hardware is a physical component that connects to a computer and can be physically touched. Some examples of hardware include video card, printer, computer display monitor, and hard drive. The important of hardware is giving the software a platform to run on. The software cannot operate with hardware since it is the base it can run. The software and hardware interacts with each other with the purpose of fulfilling a given task. Without these two components, a computer system cannot operate effectively.

The hardware is the platform that is required to execute and store the software. It also enables the software to run. The software, on the other hand, collects instructions from the user and the software interacts with the hardware to fulfill a given instruction. Software does not perform general tasks, but each software performs a given task based on the attached hardware: physical components. Some of the types of hardware include control, process, storage, and output and input while software include application software, programming software, and system software. For example, the document processor is an example of a software while a printer makes the information on a hard copy e.g. on paper.

The hardware operates as the delivery mechanisms for the specific software. The hardware is difficult to change because of the purpose that it performs while a software is frequently changed because of the function that it plays. The software allows modification, creation and deletion of information, and these functions continuously change. On the other hand, a software specifically completes a task based on input from the user. A hardware can operate without a software in minor instances such as powering on or responding to any input. The software cannot function without hardware since the hardware forms the platform that allows the software to run.

The failure when it comes to hardware is random. The hardware failure is dependent on the extent of use. The older the hardware becomes, the frequency of failure also increases. Conversely, failure in software is systematic and does not have and increase in failure whatever the extent it has been used. The wearing of software is because of bugs and other programming complications. Therefore, the failure rate between these two systems is different, and it impairs the general operation of a computer system.

In conclusion, hardware and software are required to make a computer system to operate effectively. Hardware is the physical components while the software forms the interface between the hardware and software.

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Hardware and Software

Hardware and Software Anything you can touch on the computer is hardware. It is capable of accepting and storing computer data, executing a systematic sequence of operations on computer data, or producing control outputs. Such devices can perform substantial interpretation, computation, communication, control, or other logical functions. Why does John brown need hardware? John Brown needs hardware because without it the computer will not function properly. Mouse, keyboard and monitor are the most important hard without it there is no computer. Software General name given to all the programs that can be run on computer hardware. Games, word processors, databases, virus checker and Microsoft windows are all software. Programs that run on a computer. Operating systems There are two types of operating system: operating systems and network operating systems. An operating system is a program. A computer is useless without an operating system. The main purpose of the operating system is to allow the application software to interact with the computer hardware. An operating system is the program that, after being initially loaded into the computer by a boot program, manages all the other programs in a computer. The operating system is usually stored on the computer’s hard disk drive. Part it will also be in ROM. Applications software- A group of applications programs that is designed to perform specific tasks such as database management, spreadsheet, word processing, attendance, accounting, grade reporting, scheduling, and others. It is Software that is capable of doing a specific job. When you buy application software, you need to make sure of the following: * that it will work the hardware that you are using * that it will work with the operating system that you are using. Why does John brown need Software? You cannot do anything on the computer without the software, John brown need to be able to run program CPU (Central Processing Unit) The CPU is the brains of the computer. Sometimes referred to simply as

In this essay, the author

• Explains that hardware is capable of accepting and storing computer data, executing a systematic sequence of operations, or producing control outputs.
• Explains that mouse, keyboard, monitor, games, word processors, databases, virus checker, and microsoft windows are all software.
• Explains that an operating system is a program that allows the application software to interact with the computer hardware.
• Explains that applications software is a group of applications programs that perform specific tasks such as database management, spreadsheet, word processing, attendance, accounting, grade reporting, scheduling, and others.
• Explains that john brown needs software to run the program cpu (central processing unit), which is the brain of the computer.
• Explains that intel, celeron and athlon are the main manufacturers of cpus for personal computers. the central processing unit carries out instructions.
• Explains that processors operate in different ways, so you can only compare the speeds of those made by the same manufacturer.
• Explains that memory stores all the data being processed. memory can be volatile or non-volatile.
• Explains ram (random access memory) is held on a computer chip.
• explanatory
• Explains that the operating system defines all the experience when using a computer and manages the hardware and software resources of the computer system.
• Explains that operating systems are the first software we see when we turn on a computer, and the last software when the computer is turned off.
• Opines that an operating system would not be needed for a computer like this. a microwave oven only runs one program all the time.
• Explains that all desktop computers have operating systems, including windows, unix, and macintosh. the operating system plays the role of the good parent, making sure that each application gets the necessary information.
• Explains that an operating system can ensure that applications continue to run when hardware upgrades and updates occur.
• Explains that windows 98 is a good example of an operating system because it can accommodate thousands of different printers, disk drives, and special peripherals in any possible combination.
• Explains that windows 2000 and novell netware can support hundreds or thousands of networked users, but they aren't designed for multi-user operating systems.
• Explains that administrator is the only user for windows 2000 or netware. the network support and remote user logins are enabled in the overall plan of the operating system, a program being run by the administrative user.
• Explains that windows 98 and macos are examples of a modern single-user, multi-task operating system.
• Explains that a multi-user operating system allows many different users to take advantage of the computer's resources simultaneously.
• Explains that unix, vms, and mainframe operating systems, such as mvs, are examples of multi-user operating system.
• Explains that an rtos typically has very little user-interface capability, and no end-user utilities, since the system will be a "sealed box" when delivered for use.
• Explains that the operating system's tasks, in the most general sense, fall into six categories: * processor management: ensuring that each process and application receives enough time to function.
• Explains the basic unit of software that the operating system deals with in scheduling the work done by the processor.
• Explains that each process must have enough memory in which to execute, and the second it cannot run into the memory space of another process. the operating system must set up memory boundaries for types of software.
• Explains that device management is the way the operating system works through a set of instructions.
• Explains that high-speed cache is fast, relatively small amounts of memory that are available to the cpu through the fastest connections.
• Explains that secondary memory is a rotating magnetic storage that keeps applications and data available to be used, and serves as virtual ram under the control of the operating system.
• Explains the importance of application program interfaces (apis) in computer and operating system functions without having to keep track of cpu operation.
• Explains that a user interface (ui) brings structure to the interaction between the user and the computer.
• Opines that while some argue that an operating system should do more than these six tasks, they define the core of nearly all operating systems.
• Explains that linux, the operating system created and distributed according to the principles of open source, could have a significant impact on operating systems in general.
• Explains that open source requires the distribution of original source materials that can be studied, altered and built upon, with the results once again freely distributed.
• Explains that gary kildall's control program for microcomputers was the first successful operating system for a home computer.
• Explains that palm had the first three mobile operating systems and six total, each one with more upgrades than the last.
• Opines that if the world had never come up with the operating system, we wouldn't even be close to where we are now.
• Explains that operating systems are computer instructions that coordinate all the activities of a computer's hardware like, memory, storage devices, and printers.
• Explains that mac os x mavericks is a multi-user-multi-task operating system, which was released earlier this year and was free to download.
• Explains that evaluating the efficiency of an organization's operating system is necessary to ensure a smooth and efficient operating stance for any venturing company.
• Analyzes how radioshack's e-commerce relic operates its entire point-of-sale and backroom functions. an operating system upgrade would be expensive, time-consuming, and risky.
• Explains that radioshack utilizes microsoft windows 98 on all store terminals. there are a myriad of applications necessary to maintain store accounting, inventory, and appearance.
• Opines that radioshack could benefit from the investment of newer technology in a variety of ways.
• Opines that an improvement in controlled access to files is needed and a new operating system could deliver this function. windows 98 and acrwin's inability to mesh with each other create an unacceptable problem.
• Analyzes how radioshack's current operating system lacks adequate error detection and response. the system frequently crashes because of windows 98 and its inability to handle the load of acrwin.
• Concludes that radioshack has some justification for delaying an upgrade, but it can serve many benefits by controlling access to certain files, increasing efficiency, and resolving system errors.
• Explains that computer hardware and peripherals at first seemed very new to them, but as the course went on and we got more into our special topics, it all made sense.
• Opines that computer hardware and peripherals play a major role in criminal investigations. back doors could be beneficial to the "bad guys".
• Opines that backdoors are something to be very cautious of, but we must also keep in mind the cons and identify the possible risk.
• Explains that steganography was not considered a serious threat in comparison to other cybercrime activities, and investigators focusing primarily on the obvious tactics that criminals use leaves room for this kind of tool to go unnoticed.
• Opines that their main goals in life are to be successful and happy, make a change, and to help those less fortunate than them.
• Opines that utica college has helped them transform from a teenager to an adult. they have improved their public speaking, internet databases, ethics, language, white collar crime and cybercrime skills.
• Opines that eci is a major that makes students think critically, and that's the best part about it. they prefer professors who are not traditional in their teaching methods.
• Opines that the eci program made learning critical in the most interesting way, and that is why they stuck with this major.
• Opines that their career will be dedicated to being a criminal investigator; their ultimate dream job is to become an fbi agent.
• Explains that microprocessors are different to one another according to the manufacturer and technical specifications. they communicate with the rest of the system by means of buses.
• Explains that signals to synchronize access to the various devices, such as whether to read or write data travel along the control bus.
• Explains that zip drives are high-capacity yet portable storage mediums. they are used for backup and archive functions, not something one would constantly run programs from.
• Explains that system software is the name given to a set of instructions or programs that can be run on the computer.
• Explains that the operating system is a program that conducts the communication between the various pieces of hardware.
• Explains software that has been written down to perform a particular job example calculation, manipulate text, and so.
• Explains that the central unit is the basic part of the computer and includes all the main computer parts. it is responsible for executing, or running the software.
• Explains that the type of micro processor installed greatly affects the performance of a system.
• Explains that memory is divided into two parts: rom (read only memory) and ram (random access memory). ram contains programs and data written into it at the time of manufacture.
• Explains that keyboards are set in qwerty layout just like a typewriter. they also contain function keys, special keys (ctrl, alt, home, page up, insert, cursor keys) and numeric keys.
• Explains that visual display units (vdus) are output units that display the result of processing in a visual form on an electronic output unit.
• Explains that computer memory is the primary storage, whereas there is also a secondary storage which is with us even when the computer is switched off.
• Opines that america and other nations may be nave of ensuing cyber-attacks with the nsa disclosures and technological innovations.
• Analyzes mcafee's comprehensive 2014 security report from computerworld.com. the article suggests that america is not equipped for the further calamities concerning security, which are already seen through the insistent nsa leaks and social media.
• Analyzes how mcafee reveals that virtual currencies are one of the cyber-crimes that will be recurrent. these crimes include abduction, extortion, and even killings.
• Opines that digital currency could be problematic if the data is accurate. social attacks are an increasing concern according to mcafee.
• Analyzes how mcafee's article "defending america in cyberspace" by keith alexander reaffirms the concerns he revealed.
• Explains that personal wealth, national economic prosperity, intellectual property, the nation’s defense secrets, and even our way of life, are targets for our adversaries. data theft increases as hackers investigate our networks and data.
• Opines that numerous computer systems around the world, including those owned by the us government, continued to be targeted for intrusions, some of which appear directly to the chinese government and military.
• Analyzes how cyber instability is not limited to businesses, other attacks may involve the military, and targets could be transportation, communication and logistic networks, which could thwart imperative troop missions.
• Explains that foreign hackers also targeted the negotiation strategies and financial information of energy, banking, law, and other companies.
• Explains that hacking can be disguised through numerous networks, thus it is challenging to detect the culprit. the book, computer network security and cyber ethics, divulges the weak points and ambiguities within computers.
• Explains the primary motive for cyber-instability are the easy accessibility of hacker tactics, so it is no coincidence that hackers get online tips and produce mayhem.
• Explains that the book mentions cut and paste in programming technology as an intention, before modern innovation in order to cultivate a virus.
• Explains that defensedefensive techniques are pertinent to protecting and averting cyber instability. business companies such as microsoft, intel, hp, and dell incorporate the trusted platform module.
• Opines that if america made networks more secure, cyberspace would be safer for trade, social communication, and municipal services.
• Analyzes how mcafee security report proposes that ample analytics may be capable of distinguishing infiltration before it damages systems.
• Analyzes how the source "the code not taken: china, the united states, and the future of cyber espionage" states how foreign countries have intruded u.s government and business computer networks to take information.
• Argues that chinese analysts argue that attacks could reduce the chances that the u.s could be involved furthermore.
• Analyzes how the national security agency aims chinese universities and businesses and vice versa. the u.s government wants to halt chinese theft of cerebral property, but the government is impartial to negotiations.
• Opines that high-tech improvements should make it easier to extricate cyber-attacks. it may be probable to sequester certain networks from civilians and the military to detect a hacker’s intent.
• Explains that an operating system is the program that manages all the application programs in a computer system, including managing the input and output devices, and assigning system resources.
• Explains that in the mid-1940's enormous machines capable of performing numerical calculations were created. programming languages were unheard of and each machine was specifically assembled to carry out a particular calculation.
• Explains that the transistor was introduced in the 1950s, creating a more reliable computer.
• Describes ibm's system/360, which was a series of software compatible computers ranging in power of performance and price.
• Explains how computers advanced from the days of mainframe computers and vacuum tubes. microcomputers were cheaper and needed a user-friendly operating system.
• Explains that computers and their operating systems have evolved over the past 9 years. microsoft has dominated the ibm compatible world, while microsoft for workgroups 3.1 was introduced in 1992.
• Explains that computer hardware engineering is the designing, building, and testing of computers and computer systems. it provides a cause for innovative thinkers and creative designers.
• Explains that charles babbage created the first computer in the 1800s, which was an analytical model composed of gears and levers. over time, computers became smaller, faster, more reliable, and easier to use.
• Explains that computer hardware engineers work on the research, development, and manufacturing that potentially will lead to more advanced computer systems.
• Explains that the daily life of a computer hardware engineer is long and tough.
• Opines that computer hardware engineering has its perks, such as payment and travel opportunities, which make it likable and worthy of pursuing.
• Explains that computer hardware engineering is one of the highest paying jobs in america, so newly hired engineers gradually make more money than the average american.
• Explains that teamwork is a very effective option of working because all employees can be involved.
• Explains the most rewarding benefit of computer hardware engineering is the opportunity to travel and work abroad with several experts in the career.
• Describes how they have developed new skills and received so much knowledge over the years and it has helped them in so many ways in their career.
• Describes the benefits of traveling for computer hardware engineers, such as meeting other professionals and relaxing during their busy schedules.
• Explains that computer hardware engineering has some disadvantages, including the arduous paperwork and long hours at the office associated with this job.
• Explains that computer hardware engineers create many series of designs and prototypes, which consumes most of their time at work.
• Recommends graduating with a bachelor's degree in computer engineering, electrical engineering or another related field for entry-level positions. higher degrees are recommended for well-respected companies.
• Explains that a prospective engineer must send his resume to his desired companies, and the managers determine if the applicant is qualified to move on to the next step.
• Explains that computer hardware engineers receive on-the-job training while working under the supervision and guidance of experienced personnel. they travel to be trained by other professionals.
• Explains that computer hardware engineers acquire persistent and detail-oriented nature, which makes them successful in their field. they earn a high salary from their jobs and get several opportunities to travel and meet other professionals.
• Cites ferguson's career guidance center, facts on file, inc., "computer hardware engineering," and "hardware engineers."
• Explains that computer hardware engineers research, develop, and test computer systems and components such as processors, circuit boards, memory devices and many more. they design new hardware, create blueprints of computer equipment to be built, update existing equipment so that it will work with new software.
• Explains that in order to be a computer hardware engineer, you will need at least an undergraduate degree in computer engineering.
• Explains that they chose to pursue computer hardware engineering because they like taking apart and building computers and would like to be able to construct some components that would go into a computer.
• Explains that most entry-level engineers have a bachelor's degree in computer engineering, although electrical engineering or computer science is generally acceptable by most companies.
• Explains that nvidia is a company that builds leading computer components and processors for mobile devices. internships and co-op programs help gain experience.
• Explains that some students participate in internships while in school to gain some practical experience, while most employers prefer to hire computer engineers with at least 2 years experience.
• Describes some subjects to study in high school for engineers like physics, chemistry, computer science, geometry, algebra ii, calculus, english and electronics.
• Opines that they would like to work full time on a job they are interested in. most computer hardware engineers work 40 hours per week.
• Opines that they would love to create a blueprint or design computer hardware.
• Opines that computer hardware engineers' employment is projected to grow 7% from 2012 to 2022, slower than average for all occupations. they hope to find a full-time job when they graduate from college.
• Opines that it would be great to advance and be a computer and information system manager later on in life.
• States that the median annual wage for computer hardware engineers was $100,920 in may 2012. the lowest 10% earned less than $67,970, and the top 10% earn more than $150,130.
• Explains that being an engineer is a challenging job, but not so stressful if you manage your time well. engineers are time conscious and have time for social and family life.
• Opines that having 15 days of paid vacation is pretty good for first year employment and nvidia.
• Opines that they would be pretty happy with what they will be doing as a computer hardware engineer because they wanted to pursue that career.
• Explains that engineers receive excellent benefits, including health and life insurance, vacations, sick leaves, and a retirement plan.
• Concludes that technology is advancing pretty fast, and we need people to keep advance and/or come up with new products and technologies.
• Concludes that they will probably stick with this career. they did look into electrical and computer software engineering. electrical seems more general, in that it works with different products.
• Opines that they hope to succeed in their career because they are interested in it. they need to work hard to get into a good college and work for reputable companies like nvidia, razer and amd.
• Cites the bureau of labor statistics' "computer hardware engineer." detail occupational guide. n.p., n.d.
• Explains the three main components of a computer: system units, motherboards, central processing units and memory.
• Explains that the central processing unit (cpu) is one of the most important parts of a computer.
• Explains that cpus are fragile and should be handled with care. memory is what the computer uses to store information to be recalled at a later date.
• Explains that the amount of memory on a computer can vary greatly and all depends on the computer and what the user wants out of it.

Information System Hardware and Software

Information technology involves a wide range of operations where computer software as well as hardware is utilized. A number of new devices have been produced lately and are available in computer shops’ displays. A visit to one of the computer shops provided a good opportunity during which some of these latest information technology software and software were observed among them being a recorder used in radio astronomy. This recorder is normally used in the recording process of data collected by telescopes which is later transformed into a comprehensible form.

Introduction

Current developments in the area of information technology have necessitated the production of more efficient software as well as hardware systems. A number of latest systems of information technology were observed at a local computer store where they were displayed for sale. Among the current products displayed in that computer store was a band recording system which is based on disk usage. The recording system is basically designed to increase the efficiency of radio telescopes used in Australia. (Stair, Reynolds, 2003).

Hardware System

This latest product consists of input, output as well as storage systems which necessitates its operation. Storage systems included disk drives which were of the “Apple XRaid” type. This particular type of disk drive is cost effective and has the ability to record data amounting to one hundred megabytes per second. Input systems observed in the recorder include an interface board and interface converter which are constituent parts of radio telescopes. They were combined to form an Nforce Chipset used in data capturing process which is later converted to a form that can be understood by the computer. A high technology computer also forms part of this recording system and it comprises of additional input devices like keyboard and mouse. Output devices contained in the recording system include a monitor and a radio telescope. The computer particularly known as Power Edge contained more storage systems including a virtual memory of three gigabytes and a hard drive whose memory amounted to thirty six gigabytes. (Stair, Reynolds, 2003).

Systems and Application Software

Systems software was also observed which included a VSIB card that was used in the actual data recording and it had modifications enabling more information to be incorporated in already recorded data particularly timestamp data. Timestamp contains data that gives the format of date, month and year during which a particular operation takes place which in this case is recording operations. Additional information enables the acquisition of very precise recordings where even the first as well as last second of recording operation is shown. Another systems’ software observed in the recording system was a Linux which made VSIB card accessible while at the same time it provided an additional virtual memory section which was not available to other parts of that entire system. The Linux also ensured that virtual memory was always available in order to support timely and efficient recording processes. Other than systems software, application software was also observed as a constituent part the recording system which included a very complex writing program known as BasebandDSP. This program has the capability of supporting a variety of file formats used during data entry and interpretation. (Stair, Reynolds, 2006).

Business Use of BasebandDSP

The main business use of this application software is to enable efficient radio astronomy operations mainly performed in Australia. Radio astronomers make use of radio telescopes in which recorders are incorporated to carry out recording processes. BasebandDSP which is the application program that supports writing of all file formats has a very essential role in radio astronomy. It enables the ones performing the practice to do it efficiently due to the high level of flexibility provided. In order to make BasebandDSP more efficient, it was provided with an additional file format which would enable processing of all types of recoded data that would be written during recording. (Stair, Reynolds, 2003).

It is clear that information technology is undergoing considerable developments as depicted by latest software and hardware displayed in the local computer store. The store contained high technology input, output as well as storage devices which increased the efficiency of recorders used in radio astronomy operations. The recorder is comprised of an Nforce computer which is equally efficient due its large memory allowance. Systems as well as application software that necessitate efficient operation of the recording system were also observed in the store. All these make up the improved systems of recording which is used by Australians when carrying out radio astronomy (Harp, 2002).

• Harp G. (2002): Advanced telescope and instrumentation control software, North Carolina: Elsevier pp 1-11
• Stair M. & Reynolds W. (2003): Fundamentals of information systems (2 nd ed.), Boston: Thompson course Technology pp 10-21
• Stair M. & Reynolds W. (2006): Fundamentals of information systems (3rd ed.), Boston: Thompson course Technology pp 12-16

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Essay on Hardware and Software

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Different electronic and mechanical components used in a computer are prepared by companies. When these physical components are set properly, they function all together following the standardized instructions. These physical and electronic parts of the computer which can be seen are collectively called hardware.

In addition, some coded information or programmes are fed into the hardware of computer. This enables the computer to carryout different functions. Software is like current which flows inside the wire but invisible to anybody. But its effects can be realized. Block diagram of a computer is shown Hardware.

There are different parts in the hardware of a computer: input unit, central processing device, and output unit.

(a) Input Devices:

Data and instructions are fed in a computer by using the input devices. Some common input devices are given in.

(b) Central Processing Unit (CPU):

It is the main unit of the computer. It is responsible for data processing. Since 1980s the arithmetic and logic unit (ALU) and control unit (collectively called a central processing unit or CPU have typically been located on a single integrated circuit called a microprocessor. The functioning of such a computer is in principle quite straightforward.

Instructions, like data, are represented within the computer as binary code, a base two system of counting. For example, the code for one kind of copy operation in the Intel X86 line of microprocessors is 10110000.

The particular instruction set that a specific computer supports is known as that computer’s machine language. It makes much easier to run existing software on a new machine by using an already-popular machine language.

Consequently, in markets where commercial software availability is important, suppliers have converged on one or a very small number of distinct machine languages.

(i) Memory:

It a device that accept data which holds and deliver them when required. This type of memory is also called as ‘primary storage section’ (PSS). Typically, on each clock cycle, the computer fetches instructions and data from its memory.

The instructions are executed, the results are stored, and the next instruction is fetched. This procedure repeats until a halt instruction is encountered.

A computer stores a piece of information in a location or cell called ‘byte’. Any location has an address for reference. Memory addressing is the addressing cell (or location) in memory by using number. For example, if a memory has ‘n’ cells, it will have addresses 0 to n-1. The size of all cells in a memory is equal.

There are different types of memories as given below:

1. Random Access Memory (RAM):

It stores data and programme temporarily. It contains the data of operating system, (basic) software and the other application programmes. Moreover data gets lost at the time of power failure. Also, when new data are fed, the previous data get erased i.e. it provides volatile storage of data.

2. Read Only Memory (ROM):

At the time of manufacturing this device, information’s are burnt in the ROM chip. Therefore, this burnt data cannot be changed over-written. Hence, it provides a non-volatile storage of data i.e. at the time of power failure, data are not erased.

Such programmes which are always needed for running the computer are burnt into ROM. ROM always contain the ‘bootstrap loader’. Therefore, it loads operating system into the memory and starts the computer when switched on.

3. Programmable Read Only Memory (PROM):

Though the data of ROM cannot be changed, yet in special cases programming can be done by using special writing circuits. Then it is called PROM.

4. Erasable Programmable Read Only Memory (EPROM):

In PROM data cannot be changed. But EPROM are constructed in such a way that the data can be altered by passing through a strong ultra violet rays.

5. Cache Memory (Buffers):

It is a very high speed memory which stores temporarily some programmes taking from main memory. It is faster but expensive.

(ii) Control Unit:

As the term denotes, control unit controls all the interconnected operations.

It selects, interprets and directs the executed programmes. Thus, it maintains the order and ordination of the whole system. This unit does not process the data but acts as central nervous system of the computer.

However, it controls the flow of data from the main storage as well within the storage according to the programmes fed in computer. It executes the instructions of the programme one by one till completion of processing. It directs the sections to execute the work successfully.

(iii) Arithmetic and Logica Unit (ALU):

The ALU is the heart of the computer. It is capable of performing two classes of basic operations: (i) arithmetic operations e.g. adding or subtracting two numbers together [the set of arithmetic operations may be very limited; indeed, some designs do not directly support multiplication and division operations (instead, users support multiplication and division through programes that perform multiple additions, subtractions, and other digit manipulations), and (ii) the second comparison operations which given two numbers, determining if they are equal, or if not equal then which is larger for example, if A>B, then print A],

(iv) Microprocessor:

It is a special chip made for functioning of control unit and ALU. Also it acts as central processing unit of the computer. The companies that make microprocessor are : Intel, Zilog, Motorola, etc. Each microprocessor is marked with a unique number and name of the manufacturers as given below:

Intel 8085 (8 bit) Motorola 68020 (8 bit)

Intel 80286 (16 bit) Motorola 68030 (16 bit)

Intel 80336 (32 bit) Motorola 68040 (32 bit)

(v) Numeric Co-processor:

Basically, CPU performs arithmetic and logical operations as well as entertains the request for data and controls the traffic. Numeric co-processor is a chip basically designed for carrying out the numeric calculations. It works parallel to microprocessor, it present in a computer.

(c) Secondary Storage Media:

As described earlier that memory provides volatile storage of data i.e. data are lost or erased with power failure or other reasons. To get rid off such problems, the secondary storage media are also available with computers, for example floppy disk, compact disk (CD), hard disk drives, etc.

Most commonly used floppies are 5.25 inch floppies.Hard disk can store more information than a floppy disk. Basically it is a multiple disk packsystem. The whole disk is packed an fixed in the computer. The hard disks are generally of 40 MB, 80 MB, 100 MB, 120 MB or upto 1GB.

(d) Output Unit:

After processing the data, finally computer provides the results. The users read the results by using output devices, for example monitor and printer.

(i) Monitor:

A monitor is called visual display unit. It acts like television on the screen of which images can be seen. Hence, the image made up of small pixels can be visualised on the screen of a monitor. There are different types of monitors available in market which are made by different companies.

(ii) Printer:

The images appearing on the screen of a monitor can be printed on paper. There are different types of printers of different colours and characteristics such as dotmatrix printer, line printer, ink jet printer, laser jet printer, etc. These printers are made by different companies.

2. Software’s:

It is an alternative term for computer programmes. It is a more inclusive phrase and includes all the ancillary material accompanying the programmes needed to do useful tasks.

For instance, a video game includes not only the programme itself, but also data representing the pictures, sounds, and other material needed to create the virtual environment of the game. A computer application is a piece of computer software provided to many computer users, often in a retail environment.

Going from the extremely simple capabilities of a single machine language instruction to the myriad capabilities of application programmes means that many computer programmes are extremely large and complex. A typical example is Windows XP, created from roughly 40 million lines of computer code in the C++ programming language.

There are many projects of even bigger scope which are built by large teams of programmers. The management of this enormous complexity is key to making such projects possible.

Programming languages and programming practices enable the task to be divided into smaller and smaller subtasks until they come within the capabilities of a single programmer in a reasonable period.

Nevertheless, the process of developing software remains slow, unpredictable, and error-prone; the discipline of software engineering has attempted, with some success, to make the process quicker and more productive and improve the quality of the end product.

A problem or a model is computational if it is formalized in such way that can be transformed to the form of a computer programme.

Computationality is the serious research problem of humanistic, social and psychological sciences, for example, modern systemic, cognitive and socio- cognitive approaches develop different attempts to the computational specification of their soft knowledge.

Types of Software:

The term “software” was first used by John W. Tukey in 1957. Software is the programmes that enable a computer to perform a specific task, as opposed to the physical components of the system (hardware).

This includes application software (such as a word processor, which enables a user to perform a task), and system software (such as an operating system, which enables other software to run properly, by interfacing with hardware and with other software).

Computer software can be classified into three categories: system software, programming software and application software.

(a) System Software:

A collection of programmes (instructions) designed to operate, control and extend the ability to process the computer itself is called software. Basically the manufacturers prepare these programmes and supply to the users. The users execute these programmes whenever required. There are different categories of system software as given below:

(i) Operating System:

All the resources and operations of a computer are managed by the operating system automatically. It also controls the functioning of hardware.

(ii) Firmware:

Firmware is the programmes which are written in the ROM of the computer. These are executed whenever needed by the users.

(iii) Languages/Compilers:

Computer understands the language of only machines i.e. 0 and 1. This is called binary number system or binary digits. The special programmes written are translated by the compilers from high level language instructions in the machine language instruction. Following are some of the languages:

(a) BASIC (Beginners All Purpose Symbolic Instruction Code)

(b) COBOL (Common Business Oriented Language)

(c) FORTRAN (Formula Translator)

(iv) Utilities:

The facilities for sorting and merging of files are provided by utilities. Sorting is a process to re-arrange the contents of a file according to some particular order. Combining of two files into one file is called merging. Sorting/merging utilities are valuable for processing of business data.

(v) Programme Productivity Tools:

There are several powerful tools which do not need the programming knowledge. Some of the important tools are:

i. Data Base Management Software (DBase)

ii. Data Communication Software (D-Link)

iii. Desk Top Publishing Software (Page maker, CorelDraw)

iv. Graphic Software (Paint, brush, PM4)

v. Spread Sheet software (Lotus)

vi. Word Processing Software (Word Star)

(b) Programming Software:

It provides tools to assist a programmer in writing computer programmes and software using different programming languages in a more convenient way. The tools include text editors, compilers, interpreters, linkers, debuggers, and so on.

An integrated development environment (IDE) merges those tools into a software bundle, and a programmer may not need to type multiple commands for compiling, interpreter, debugging, tracing, and etc., because the IDE usually has an advanced graphical user interface, or GUI.

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The Concept of Computer Hardware and Software Essay

Computer hardware, computer software, seworld it system.

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These are the physical components of a computer system. They include the input and output devices such as the mouse keyboard or the monitor. They can also be the storage devices such as Hard disk or RAM. The physical devices can still be the components that are responsible for the execution of the programs in a computer such as a microprocessor.

These are set of instructions that a computer uses to execute a given task. They can be classified as:

• System Software-These is the programs that help to run and manage the computer hardware. They regulate the execution processes and the allocation of memory in a computer. They include programs like operating systems such as XP and Linux. In addition, they can be the software that manages a computer network such as the OSI or the IP/IPT.
• Application Software-These are programs that are designed to enable a user to accomplish a certain task. They include business programs, games, or database programs that collect and organize data in a systematic and logical order for quick and easy retrials.

An efficient information system is very vital to any business firm. This is because it ensures effective communication of all the organization’s departments. This will in return boost the performance in the organization for quality and quantity production and marketing of the firm’s products or services. (Ronald J. 1998). This is not the case with SewWorld because we can see that communication in this organization is very poor. There is no good coordination for the various departments present and also among their branches. This is why we have cases, where some branches are overstocked with a certain product while others do not have even a single one. The reporting system is also very poor and unreliable. Therefore the company needs to establish a local area network that will enable the various departments and branches to coordinate well. It will also help to centralize the managerial to reduce the number of managers supervising each department. This is because with a good LAN all the departments can feed their data online to a central system for easy analyses and helps also genera rate reliable reports as data is collected from all the departments. (Ronald J. 1998). There is also a need for the company to build a wide area network that will link its branches in all the states. This will enhance communication among the branches and help them to work in harmony for high performance. This network will also enable SewWorld to market and sell its product through the Internet, a way that will boost its performance very much. (Web.). The other thing that should be looked at in SewWorld is the installation of security systems in the network established. This will guarantee that unauthorized users, which can alter some data in the organization, that can turn to be very detrimental later, will not access its network. If these factors are put into consideration in SewWorld Company, its performance will rise up due to the enhanced communication as a result of the established LAN and WAN networks. (Ronald J. 1998).

Ronald J. Tooci (1998) Microcomputer Network Prentice-Hall Publishing Press NewYork.

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