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How To Write an IELTS Process Diagram Essay

An IELTS process diagram question can contain a wide variety of different types of graphics. It could be a natural process such as the water cycle, a manufacturing process or a diagram of a system.

Using these 5 steps will help you to write a high-scoring process diagram essay:

1)  Analyse the question

2)  Identify the main features

3)  Write an introduction

4)  Write an overview

5)  Write the details paragraphs

In this lesson, we’re going to work through the 5 stages step-by-step as we answer a practice question.

Before we begin, here’s a model essay structure that you can use as a guideline for all IELTS Academic Task 1 questions.

Ideally, your essay should have 4 paragraphs:

Paragraph 1  – Introduction

Paragraph 2  – Overview

Paragraph 3  – 1 st  main feature

Paragraph 4  – 2 nd  main feature

We now have everything we need to begin planning and writing our IELTS process diagram essay.

Here’s our practice question:

The diagrams below show a structure that is used to generate electricity from wave power.

Summarise the information by selecting and reporting the main features, and make comparisons where relevant.

Write at least 150 words.

Generating Electricity From The Sea

Source: Official website IELTS Essentials

Step 1 –  Analyse the question

The format of every Academic Task 1 question is the same, with the instruction sentence (highlighted below) identical in every question. Here is our practice question again.

Every question consists of:

• Sentence 1 – A brief description of the graphic
• Sentence 2 – The instructions
• The graphic – diagram, chart, graph, table, etc.

Sentence 2 tells you what you have to do.

You must do 3 things:

1.     Select the main features.

2.     Write about the main features.

3.     Compare the main features.

All three tasks refer to the ‘ main features ’ of the graphic. You  do not  have to write about everything. Just pick out 2 or 3 key features and you’ll have plenty to write about.

Step 2 – Identify the Main Features

The graphic in IELTS process diagram questions should not be difficult to understand. There are not usually any numbers to analyse as in other types of question, just a diagram to interpret or, as in our practice question, two diagrams which each show part of the process.

All you are looking for are the main features. These should be the easiest things to spot. There will be lots of information in the graphic to help you identify them, especially, titles, labels and captions.

Here are some useful questions to ask?

1) Is it a linear or a cyclical process?

A linear process starts and finishes at different places. It will often involve the manufacture or creation of something, starting with the raw materials going in at one end and the finished product coming out the other end. An example of this can be seen in this diagram from a past IELTS process diagram question about the manufacture of bricks.

Linear process

A cyclical process, on the other hand, is a process that goes back to the beginning and repeats over and over again, such as the life cycle of a frog or a butterfly.

Cyclical process

2) Where does the process start and end?

For a linear process this will usually be obvious. It may be harder to determine for a cyclical process so it’s important that you examine the graphic carefully to find out.

3) How many steps are there to the process?

If there are a lot, it can be helpful to number them from 1 to whatever number the final stage is.

4) Can the process be easily broken down into stages?

In the brick-making graphic, for example, there are three stages:

a) Creating the bricks from clay

b) Manufacturing the finished product by drying and firing

c) Packaging and delivery

In the life cycle graphic above, there are also three distinct stages as the frog passes through different stages of development – egg, juvenile, adult.

5) What are the raw materials? What is produced at the end of the process?

These questions obviously apply only to manufacturing processes.

For other types of process, it might be more appropriate to ask the following question.

6) What is the end result of the process?

This question is relevant for our practice IELTS process diagram question which shows a process that creates something using a particular structure. The end result is the production of electricity.

So, what main features stand out in our practice graphic? Here it is again.

This graphic doesn’t contain very much detail. There are only two stages to the process:

Stage 1:  Electricity is generated as the wave flows into the structure (Diagram A).

Stage 2:  Electricity is also created as the receding wave draws air back down the column (Diagram B).

Other diagrams are more complex and you have to go through them stage by stage to work out what’s happening and then pick out just 2 or 3 main feature to write about.

The key features you select will be the starting point for your essay. You will then go on to add more detail later. However, with just 20 minutes allowed for Task 1, and a requirement of only 150 words, you won't be able to include many details.

We’re now ready to begin writing our essay. Here’s a reminder of the 4 part structure we’re going to use.

Step 3 – Write an Introduction 

In the introduction, you should simply paraphrase the question, that is, say the same thing in a different way. You can do this by using synonyms and changing the sentence structure. For example:

Introduction (Paragraph 1): 

The two diagrams illustrate a method of creating electricity from the force of waves using a specifically designed man-made construction.

This is all you need to do for the introduction.

Step 4 – Write an Overview (Paragraph 2)

In the second paragraph, you should give a general description of the diagram/s or process. The detail comes later in the essay.

State the information simply using synonyms where possible. No elaborate vocabulary or grammar structures are required, just the appropriate words and correct verb tenses.

For example:

Overview  (Paragraph 2): 

The structure, consisting of a wave chamber and a tall column containing a turbine, is erected on a steeply sloping coastal cliff or sea wall where it is subject to the movement of the ocean waves.

Step 5  – Write the 1st Detail Paragraph

Paragraphs 3 and 4 of your IELTS process diagram essay are where you include more detailed information. In paragraph 3, you should explain the first key feature in more detail.

For this question, we will expand on the first stage of the process. Here it is again:

Stage 1: Electricity is generated as the wave flows into the structure (Diagram A).

And this is an example of what you could write:

Paragraph 3 :

The first diagram shows how the incoming wave fills a large chamber and forces the air inside this space up the column and through the turbine. The pressure of the air rotates the turbine which generates a current of electricity. The process does not end there for the structure is able to continue producing power as the sea recedes as can be seen in the second diagram.

Step 6  – Write the 2nd Detail Paragraph

For the fourth and final paragraph, you do the same thing for your remaining key features or, for this question, the second stage of the process.

Here it is again:

Stage 2: Electricity is also created as the receding wave draws air back down the column (Diagram B).

Here’s an example of what you could write:

Paragraph 4 :

As the water now flows away from the structure, it draws air back down the column and downwards through the turbine in the same direction as the previous upward flow of air. The turbine continues to turn thus generating even more electricity. 

Here are the four paragraphs brought together to create our finished essay.

Finished IELTS Process Diagram Essay

This sample IELTS process diagram essay is just over the minimum word limit so you can see that you don’t have space to include very much detail at all. That’s why it is essential to select just a couple of main features to write about.

Now use what you’ve learnt in this lesson to practice answering other IELTS process diagram questions. Start slowly at first and keep practicing until you can plan and write a complete essay in around 20 minutes.

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Ielts academic writing task 1 – all lessons.

IELTS Academic Writing  –  A summary of the test including important facts, test format & assessment.

Academic Writing Task 1  – The format, the 7 question types & sample questions, assessment & marking criteria.  All the key information you need to know.

Understanding Task 1 Questions  – How to quickly and easily analyse and understand IELTS Writing Task 2 questions.

How To Plan a Task 1 Essay  –  Discover  3 reasons why you must plan, the 4 simple steps of essay planning and learn a simple 4 part essay structure.

Vocabulary for Task 1 Essays  –  Learn key vocabulary for a high-scoring essay. Word lists & a downloadable PDF.

Grammar for Task 1 Essays   – Essential grammar for Task 1 Academic essays including, verb tenses, key sentence structures, articles & prepositions.

The 7 Question Types:

Click the links below for a step-by-step lesson on each type of Task 1 question.

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IELTS Process Diagram Sample

This page illustrates an example of an IELTS process. Occasionally you will have to desribe a process in the test instead of a graph. 

Although this type of diagram is less common to see in the test, it is still important to have an understanding of how to tackle this should it arise.

This is an example of the process of making bricks. A sample answer is below the diagram.

IELTS Writing Task 1

You should spend about 20 minutes on this task.

The diagram illustrates the process that is used to manufacture bricks for the building industry.

Summarise the information by selecting and reporting the main features and make comparisons where relevant.

Write at least 150 words.

The Brick Manufacturing Process

IELTS Process Model Answer

The diagram explains the way in which bricks are made for the building industry. Overall, there are seven stages in the process, beginning with the digging up of clay and culminating in delivery.

To begin, the clay used to make the bricks is dug up from the ground by a large digger. This clay is then placed onto a metal grid, which is used to break up the clay into smaller pieces. A roller assists in this process. 

Following this, sand and water are added to the clay, and this mixture is turned into bricks by either placing it into a mould or using a wire cutter. Next, these bricks are placed in an oven to dry for 24 – 48 hours. 

In the subsequent stage, the bricks go through a heating and cooling process. They are heated in a kiln at a moderate and then a high temperature (ranging from 200c to 1300c), followed by a cooling process in a chamber for 2 – 3 days. Finally, the bricks are packed and delivered to their destinations.

(Words 173)

This is a good answer as it covers the requirements of the task.

The topic of the IELTS process diagram is first introduced and then an overview is given. You should give an overview for all academic task 1 responses, not just graphs.

In this case, here is the overview:

Overall, there are seven stages in the process, beginning with the digging up of clay and culminating in delivery.

The answer is well-structured, covering each stage of the process in turn. 

It uses the passive voice  which is needed when you describe a process diagram in IELTS but you are not referring to who is doing the action. Here are some examples of the passive used:

• clay is then placed
• which is used to 
• sand and water are added
• bricks are placed  
• They are heated

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More on IELTS Process Diagrams:

IELTS Process Writing Sample: The manufacture of tea

View an IELTS process writing sample answer with comments. In this sample answer you have to describe the process of making difference types of green tea.

IELTS Task 1 Verb Quiz: Practice for processes and the passive voice

In this IELTS Task 1 Verb Quiz you can test yourself on choosing the right verb in a sample process diagram. This provides practice with the passive voice.

IELTS Task 1 Process: How chocolate is produced

This IELTS Task 1 Process Diagram is about the production of Chocolate Production. In a process you usually have to describe a process of making something.

IELTS Process Exercise: Master your skills for the passive voice

IELTS Process Exercise Gap Fill: This teaches you how to use the passive voice for IELTS Task 1

IELTS Process Diagram Strategies and Tips

IELTS Process Diagram: In task 1 of IELTS writing you usually have to describe some kind of graph or chart. But sometimes you get a process. It is therefore crucial that you know how to do this. This easy to follow lesson explains how.

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Sometimes IELTS Writing Task 1 requires you to describe a process. If you have a ‘describing a process’ task in the exam, you will be given a diagram with a series of pictures. The diagram shows the stages of how something is made or how something works .

Sample Questions

How bees produce honey.

The diagram illustrates how bees produce honey.

Summarise the information by selecting and reporting the main features, and make comparisons where relevant.

Fish pie production line

The diagrams give information about the manufacture of frozen fish pies.

Recycling process of aluminium cans

The diagram shows the recycling process of aluminium cans.

Home energy production

The diagram shows a possible future means of home energy production.

Ocean Thermal Energy Conversion (OTEC)

The diagram shows the production of electricity using a system called Ocean Thermal Energy Conversion (OTEC).

Generating electricity from sea waves

The diagrams show a structure that is used to generate electricity from wave power.

Gas cooled nuclear reactor

The diagram shows the production of steam using a gas cooled nuclear reactor.

Greenhouse Gases

The diagram shows how greenhouse gases trap energy from the Sun.

Central Heating System

The diagram shows how a central heating system in a house works.

Eiffel Tower

The diagrams give information about the Eiffel Tower in Paris and an outline project to extend it underground.

Hawaiian Island Chain

The diagram gives the information about the Hawaiian island chain in the centre of the Pacific Ocean.

Consumer Goods Manufacturing

The Diagram shows the typical stages of consumer goods manufacturing, including the process by which information is fed back to earlier stages to enable adjustment.

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Process Diagrams on the IELTS Academic Writing Test

Tips on how to use process diagrams on writing tasks

On this page

Introduction, what do process diagrams look like, what information is important and how do you organize your writing.

Written by Angela Rutherford

Like any test, the IELTS exam can be stressful, so it helps if you can find some fun in it. For example, when I see a process diagram on the Academic writing test, I get a little excited because I like to learn about how things are made or how they work. 

I’m hoping that, with some tips and practice, you too will enjoy these tasks. In this blog, after looking at various types of diagrams, I will show you how your description can fit into a basic formula that can be used for all academic task one reports. I will also demonstrate how the overview paragraph differs slightly from those about charts, graphs, or maps.

Process diagrams can show cyclic processes like the life cycle of a pond frog from egg to adult. Notice how arrows are often used to lead you through the stages in the diagrams.

This drawing guides you through the steps for making freeze-dried coffee from start to finish. This is a linear process.

You can also encounter processes that are linear with a cyclic element, like the generation of hydro-electric power. Note how there is a start and finish but also a cycle of water that helps generate the power. 

Sometimes you might see two pictures about a related process, such as the following linear production of cement. Note that it has a start and finish before it is added to the mix for concrete.  

The structure of these reports is no different than any other academic task one writing.   

Introductory paragraph  

Overview paragraph  

Detail paragraphs  

The introduction rephrases the prompt, such as for the one in the cement and concrete example above, you might write:  The diagrams illustrate how cement is made and then how it is used in the production of concrete for construction.

When you write your overview paragraph, think of summarizing the important features of the process- don’t bother with the specifics or data because you will present that information in the detail paragraphs.   Here are some simple questions you can ask yourself when formulating the overview. I will use the cement/concrete example to demonstrate how to answer. 

You can now select from this information to summarize in the overview:  

The 5-step process of making cement is linear and starts with the combination of three raw materials that are crushed, mixed, heated, ground, and bagged. The cement is then added to a concrete mixer with three other ingredients to produce concrete.  

3. Once you have outlined the steps or stages, it is so much easier to fill in the details and, because it is a process, you simply describe what happens in sequence. 

  The making of concrete has several steps. Limestone and clay are crushed into powder and mixed together. This powder then passes through a rotating heater. After being heated, the mixture is ground down to form cement. The cement is then bagged for easy transport.   

There are 4 ingredients used to make cement which is a simpler process. The proportions of these materials are 15% cement, 10% water, 25% sand and 50% gravel. They are combines together in a specialized mixer to form concrete that is used for building purposes.

Here is what the response would look like when put together:  

The diagrams illustrate how cement is made and then how it is used in the production of concrete for construction.  

The making of concrete has several steps. Limestone and clay are crushed into powder and mixed together. This powder then passes through a rotating heater. After being heated, the mixture is ground down to form cement. The cement is then bagged for easy transport.  

There are 4 ingredients used to make cement which is a simpler process. The proportions of these materials are 15% cement, 10% water, 25% sand and 50% gravel. They are mixed together in a specialized mixer to form concrete that is used for building purposes.  

In addition, after reading this, I hope you will see that you do not need to be intimidated by how complicated they can sometimes appear. 

Use the questions in the chart to formulate the overview and then organize your writing using the simple formula. With enough practice, you might even smile if you find one of these on your exam. Good luck and have fun with it.

How long should I spend on IELTS Writing Task 1?

Grammar 101: elude vs. allude, grammar 101: belief vs. believe, grammar 101: affect vs. effect.

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IELTS Writing task 1: describing a diagram

In this lesson you will learn how to describe a diagram in IELTS Writing task 1 .

We will deal with a process diagram . Although diagrams are not very common in IELTS, they do appear in Writing and are very different from other types of graphs you can get. So it's a good idea to learn how to structure your answer when describing a diagram.

• See IELTS Writing digram question
• Learn how to write a band 9 answer
• Learn useful vocabulary
• See video tutorial

As an example, let's take a look at the following question card:

The diagram illustrates how steel rods are manufactured in the furniture industry.

Summarize the information by selecting and reporting the main features and make comparisons where relevant.

You can watch a video tutorial on how to describe diagrams in IELTS Academic Writing task 1:

• Introduction
• General overview
• Specific features

Now we'll take a look at each part of the answer.

1. Introduction

The first paragraph of your answer should be an introduction. For the introduction, you need to paraphrase the topic in your own words. It shouldn't be longer that 2 sentences.

And this is a possible way to write your introduction:

You could also write the introduction in another way:

In fact, there are plenty of ways to write your introduction. Just keep in mind that you should use synonyms and paraphrase the topic from your question card.

2. Overview

• how the process begins and ends
• the number of stages

If the diagram has loops or repeating stages, or your process is cyclic - write that in your overview too!

Here is a good way to write a general overview:

Overall, the process consists of eleven stages, beginning with the raw material and ending up with the product’s inspection.

Always use word overall to start your overview. This way you will indicate the examiner that you’re describing general trends.

3. Specific features

After you've given the overview, you should write about specific details of your diagram. To do that, you need to describe each stage of your process in detail . Don't forget that you should provide information in a logical way!

This is a possible way of describing the specific features of our diagram:

First of all, iron ore, yellow ore and carbon are collected to serve as a raw material for steel rods manufacturing. After that, the raw material is melted in a melting slit, where it is heated to a temperature in range of 1300-1500 °C. The melted mass is then transferred to a smelting cabin to undergo refinement. Next, the candescent metal is put in a pouring machine and poured into ingots.

In the next stage, the ingots are connected to a cooling reservoir, where the temperature falls to 60-100 °C. Metal goes through special nozzles and cools down, forming strands. Following this, the metal strands proceed to rollers that change their shape. Next, the products are put into a heating machine, where they undergo heat treatment. Subsequently, a measuring automaton completes a surface check of the products.

After that, the metal rods are sized by special cutters and get ID stamping. Finally, the products undergo inspection and are ready for use.

Using connectors

• first of all
• in the next stage
• following this
• subsequently

Using additional information

Your diagram will often provide you some additional information and hints for most stages of the process. Make sure that you use all that information while describing specific features of your diagram!

However, sometimes you may see that some stage lacks information for description . For example, we only know that the third stage of our process is called refinement and it happens in a smelting cabin . But we don't know what exactly happens during this stage.

In this case, you can use a verb to undergo . To undergo = to experience. For example, you can write: " the material undergoes refinement in a smelting cabin ".

And don't forget that you should NOT write a conclusion in Writing task 1 as you're not giving your opinion, you're describing the data.

Practice. Choose the correct options:

• The table shows the amount of students who study abroad in 2001 and 2011. The table shows the number of students who study abroad in 2001 and 2011.

Amount or number? Note that students are countable.

• The graph illustrate China's annual growth rate of exports of goods. The graph illustrates China's annual growth rate of exports of goods.

Look at the verb that follows the word graph . Hmm, the graph should be singular, so illustrates is the correct option.

• The line graph shows how many Finnish people went to the cinema between June and October 2014. The line graph shows how much Finnish people went to the cinema between June and October 2014.

You can say how much water or how much effort (these nouns are uncountable). But people are countable, so you should use how many in this case.

• The pie charts compare the world population of 1900 with 2000 . The pie charts compare the world population in 1900 and 2000 .

You should use phrase in + year , not of + year or at + year . Moreover, it seems like you compare population with year in the first sentence.

• The bar chart gives information about average household expenditure in Japan. The bar chart shows information about average household expenditure in Japan.

You can use either gives information about or shows , but not both at the same time.

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